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1IntroductiontoReal-TimeDigitalSignalProcessing 16 S# B" O' H8 i. ~1 W' n/ q" S
1.1BasicElementsofReal-TimeDSPSystems2# @' Z' n, l B9 s x* _! _
1.2AnalogInteRFace3
* D$ y: b9 k z. @$ e; T. _) N7 q1.2.1Sampling3& D- |+ y# G6 [3 x8 K
1.2.2QuantizationandEncoding7
: ?, @2 b' f1 k1 e7 @6 x1.2.3SmoothingFilters8* {7 c- H- Q2 E# [7 }/ o; m
1.2.4DataConverters9* u( l+ B0 `# W
1.3DSPHardware10
6 y, w$ N7 f# _: ~0 `6 k7 ^1.3.1DSPHardwareOptions10
0 l- M0 |6 P$ Y* ~ J" ?! z# D# X1.3.2DSPProcessors13' {2 [9 `7 c# e7 i; ~1 P/ x
1.3.3Fixed-andFloating-PointProcessors15! O$ q4 c3 q1 [% A
1.3.4Real-TimeConstraints163 C7 `. f5 R2 ?
1.4DSPSystemDesign17# I! k/ f! e# R) m* G
1.4.1AlgorithmDevelopment189 T: j' R# J" \& L
1.4.2SelectionofDSPProcessors19
& y4 z* A; F( @4 t2 A6 l1.4.3SoftwareDevelopment20
K c) x8 `/ m* |& _+ [2 e* p1.4.4High-LevelSoftwareDevelopmentTools219 `$ X2 X/ [% x4 N X
1.5IntroductiontoDSPDevelopmentTools227 [" \0 r) g: J7 Q9 L
1.5.1CCompiler22" ^) T! G4 j" b, v) V! j) O2 h
1.5.2Assembler23* o8 A9 Q I* t* q
1.5.3Linker24# p2 [8 P8 x% R6 f- |* \0 q6 D* Y
1.5.4OtherDevelopmentTools25
5 j& h( {: d4 l. P" x1.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples256 n" `& j4 T1 _' O' N+ M ]; O7 C
1.6.1ExperimentsofUsingCCSandDSK269 u( J9 ?2 f" ~7 k
1.6.2DebuggingProgramUsingCCSandDSK29
" |! o2 f; O0 u8 E& [! N9 r% n7 F1.6.3FileI/OUsingProbePoint32* H/ y* Z2 G/ z* M. g% m6 r
1.6.4FileI/OUsingCFileSystemFunctions35
. Q( ^& Q7 \$ d! T, U) S. q1.6.5CodeEfficiencyAnalysisUsingProfiler37
4 y+ }0 j% n8 }; a% h3 @0 ~& |; |5 c1.6.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSK39
) m! H, x8 q! v+ o1.6.7SamplingTheory42
( |, A# N4 F; F1 s! y0 k1.6.8QuantizationinADCs44% u8 _6 c9 F$ S! I$ m5 d! W
References 45 T/ p. E% r ^* ]
Exercises 45vi CONTENTS' v. d6 o3 V2 B9 u, W1 d( Q
2IntroductiontoTMS320C55xDigitalSignalProcessor 49
8 U7 H" J9 L7 W4 k" y2.1Introduction49
! S2 d; z1 a. l0 \7 }; k2.2TMS320C55xArchitecture50
+ x# |: }/ C, G' m2 ]$ \2.2.1ArchitectureOverview50
; E! r. v4 ?' Z2.2.2Buses53
8 r. Q8 d$ g, E6 ~) M9 f/ X: l2.2.3On-ChipMemories53
0 N1 r* d1 u8 K! Q+ h) Q, r5 |2.2.4Memory-MappedRegisters55) X7 Y6 i1 \8 n; }1 P* m" K! ]4 f6 d
2.2.5InterruptsandInterruptVector55
: L7 Q5 | l( x/ r% y% R$ e5 ?; V2.3TMS320C55xPeripherals58
0 e$ Q% Z2 b; g$ u: E2.3.1ExternalMemoryInterface60
. g0 B, ]) @# S2.3.2DirectMemoryAccess60
& T3 |/ F" X. E) A8 f/ W3 y# t2.3.3EnhancedHost-PortInterface61
6 W+ A8 Z7 x, M# `/ t/ i2.3.4Multi-ChannelBufferedSerialPorts62/ c" @: @! k) q. {5 U
2.3.5ClockGeneratorandTimers65
2 T8 R$ n9 w& s+ _# M! y# k3 ?% Q2.3.6GeneralPurposeInput/OutputPort65
$ B$ S- ~' Z6 P a$ a$ D! H, |0 m7 t2.4TMS320C55xAddressingModes65) r, G2 ]) G4 ]
2.4.1DirectAddressingModes66( ]( Y; g* W) K# c; e
2.4.2IndirectAddressingModes68
! v* h% B6 g* l0 r4 k& P2.4.3AbsoluteAddressingModes70. B- ]' l; H* w
2.4.4Memory-MappedRegisterAddressingMode70& ^* l' _; s1 Z
2.4.5RegisterBitsAddressingMode71
: K. f; g# M( `& m( m2.4.6CircularAddressingMode72+ S+ e0 W. x) O! X$ |" S
2.5PipelineandParallelism73
; [# s; {$ e3 x6 ^* W2.5.1TMS320C55xPipeline73
9 ]# `6 _: u& m3 Q3 \3 i9 B0 R2.5.2ParallelExecution74
8 W6 q4 B- F( r$ T; E8 z: K& w2.6TMS320C55xInstructionSet76; D1 @, S0 t+ c
2.6.1ArithmeticInstructions76
" L' g3 Z% M- x3 |2 b& g2.6.2LogicandBitManipulationInstructions77
& T3 a* p5 _, O2.6.3MoveInstruction78
3 _, J6 {5 h( D$ b4 | K* D2.6.4ProgramFlowControlInstructions782 C5 Z2 \' g. a% K I" X/ D `2 o: |
2.7TMS320C55xAssemblyLanguageProgramming82
, H3 ^' Q' n7 o6 V6 s2.7.1AssemblyDirectives82
% c/ q) r) }, r) ]) w3 T2.7.2AssemblyStatementSyntax84
6 d; }+ `8 Q: N2.8CLanguageProgrammingforTMS320C55x86
: @; _# j6 N/ w, H9 M6 s- O: r2.8.1DataTypes86
# Z( M3 q8 h6 j4 j2.8.2AssemblyCodeGenerationbyCCompiler87
2 C3 i; e2 ]8 V2.8.3CompilerKeywordsandPragmaDirectives89* R' l0 C' d; ^" X
2.9MixedC-and-AssemblyLanguageProgramming90- F5 D5 E3 Y6 f# y3 E- r
2.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples93
% }- [1 W# I) I+ f; j5 H2.10.1InterfacingCwithAssemblyCode93 `6 ~' O- X0 i9 l
2.10.2AddressingModesUsingAssemblyProgramming94
6 B) a" ` ]1 \) c- y( K2.10.3Phase-LockedLoopandTimers97
: ]4 |7 w9 W0 {+ H) m2.10.4EMIFConfigurationforUsingSDRAM103
n/ {: T* A0 x/ L2.10.5ProgrammingFlashMemoryDevices105
; s. h D- V( w5 @4 ^4 V! l2.10.6UsingMcBSP106
& z7 A6 v( g5 Y! i) a& l2.10.7AIC23Configurations109& W: L( Z0 e3 O" n1 s& l
2.10.8DirectMemoryAccess111
& i: h0 D( B3 M3 E, bReferences 115
2 w: O3 F, o, a' Q* K2 T- |Exercises 115CONTENTS vii5 ~2 H+ v2 S. J1 m# K
3DSPFundamentalsandImplementation
+ e+ S. j( r0 \9 uConsiderations 1215 N. ~; B0 A8 S, v
3.1DigitalSignalsandSystems121! T8 r; E5 {5 b7 J! t
3.1.1ElementaryDigitalSignals121
! f2 N& b1 z: y0 w, A2 A3.1.2BlockDiagramRepresentationofDigitalSystems123
. n. Z# x9 f: A' W. F3.2SystEMConcepts126
$ ?! l4 J0 {' U- o5 }, S3.2.1LinearTime-InvariantSystems126
0 K9 a, M6 t) d3.2.2The z-Transform130" C" N' v% b8 z! h' ~8 Q ?& u* ?* u
3.2.3TransferFunctions132
1 d; U9 F" J6 j8 Q2 Z- E) b3.2.4PolesandZeros135$ M5 d& {5 f0 T) @) {
3.2.5FrequencyResponses138+ X( @# h! l( M% D* O% t
3.2.6DiscreteFourierTransform141* V8 A, z4 X0 l X9 G" _( }8 _
3.3IntroductiontoRandomVariables142- Z7 j+ T7 ?2 u! l0 D1 x7 h. A6 A3 _
3.3.1ReviewofRandomVariables142, Y* J7 b( {) {- x4 Z
3.3.2OperationsofRandomVariables144
5 j" l- x+ M2 v* o) o6 A/ h3 {+ z* G3.4Fixed-PointRepresentationsandQuantizationEffects147% N6 Z) o9 U: u2 p- V. I" m
3.4.1Fixed-PointFormats147
* [# [0 I% d" \* L" L2 N3.4.2QuantizationErrors151& w: y' d! {# v" B/ s, [9 t
3.4.3SignalQuantization151
! K- _$ R% ~" H3.4.4CoefficientQuantization1530 |6 V) v0 w2 a& y# _. Z; m
3.4.5RoundoffNoise153$ k& D n/ {2 g4 e% M# D
3.4.6Fixed-PointToolbox1547 z1 ]9 B- B1 X
3.5OverflowandSolutions1571 \; J& f8 p q& i
3.5.1SaturationArithmetic157( h/ x/ O6 \) S. I2 n9 c4 S, _0 Z
3.5.2OverflowHandling1584 p3 u2 {( U/ M2 {# R
3.5.3ScalingofSignals158
! z6 @1 V L" b$ ? n3.5.4GuardBits159
7 K" }4 D' ?1 R3 |$ A+ T% Z s3.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples159
% {1 v2 ] _3 t* e {8 b9 l3.6.1QuantizationofSinusoidalSignals1600 D6 R2 p3 D$ n1 D6 m) t* X
3.6.2QuantizationofAudioSignals161, M3 I: v5 @6 B. K
3.6.3QuantizationofCoefficients1629 S' r# m+ s0 b6 m
3.6.4OverflowandSaturationArithmetic164$ j. e) M1 w9 }: U& _
3.6.5FunctionApproximations167
3 j S6 y' h4 r7 Z. L3.6.6Real-TimeDigitalSignalGenerationUsingDSK1754 Y# r! G3 R7 c$ z
References 180. e: D3 P6 q5 P
Exercises 1805 K; X" p2 C$ L; R6 u
4DesignandImplementationofFIRFilters 185
3 s+ Z4 U; J/ ^" C: r4.1IntroductiontoFIRFilters185
( S7 m5 U/ ?3 Z l) d' I2 L4.1.1FilterCharacteristics1855 b7 A7 _# ~# V0 }- ~
4.1.2FilterTypes1875 p! e# r4 Q0 S$ D7 C
4.1.3FilterSpecifications189' ~9 l* m. W; v
4.1.4Linear-PhaseFIRFilters191& }. {8 X$ `! w2 e4 R
4.1.5RealizationofFIRFilters194
6 d0 v' }1 x- O+ _- N/ }4.2DesignofFIRFilters196
% c" f' s2 P3 h) W4.2.1FourierSeriesMethod197- Y& K5 J. ~5 n) o' p, ?
4.2.2GibbsPhenomenon198% H& |5 ^5 X9 t9 o$ G
4.2.3WindowFunctions201viii CONTENTS1 V8 E! s* p# e0 y) X8 X" p$ v
4.2.4DesignofFIRFiltersUsingMATLAB206
. Z) S3 K5 |2 H$ L/ G4.2.5DesignofFIRFiltersUsingFDATool2076 _3 f5 v: F* C) r' G" t8 y
4.3ImplementationConsiderations213! d2 C2 a2 d6 q% Y/ ]
4.3.1QuantizationEffectsinFIRFilters213& M2 i& ]& G( b Z
4.3.2MATLABImplementations216
; d$ Q+ i( E* h) p4.3.3Floating-PointCImplementations218
5 v9 I* o) _: t! i V4.3.4Fixed-PointCImplementations219
( e0 ]% @' c- e4.4Applications:InterpolationandDecimationFilters220( X- D$ J9 Z$ E7 e
4.4.1Interpolation220! E6 X* z; c- {% H x: s4 H5 M
4.4.2Decimation221
0 M6 B: {* n6 @! G6 X( _4.4.3Sampling-RateConversion221
5 [/ F- s$ P+ W: r8 |4.4.4MATLABImplementations224
0 s8 `, H5 n0 m9 t1 s9 o4.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples225
' D9 z6 o6 \ O- O, L; |; r( n4.5.1ImplementationofFIRFiltersUsingFixed-PointC226
5 q2 c6 d; m) Z: Y4.5.2ImplementationofFIRFilterUsingC55xAssembly8 G2 _* z3 c( |8 M" F p
Language2262 s$ t2 F9 l( p4 b' i
4.5.3OptimizationforSymmetricFIRFilters228, a* i+ T0 a7 \# J h5 \' _
4.5.4OptimizationUsingDualMACArchitecture230
6 S4 w# a( k; I$ v/ K/ H# A" r4.5.5ImplementationofDecimation232$ e& H* r Y+ }0 i
4.5.6ImplementationofInterpolation2334 V. @0 E, f' r% j' @
4.5.7SampleRateConversion234
. n8 |' Y2 ?5 I' K4.5.8Real-TimeSampleRateConversionUsing6 s6 W6 L+ `3 [% ?7 s* I. n
DSP/BIOSandDSK235" k1 E! f1 v0 D7 `7 D$ [; y
References 245! h0 f2 V2 X b4 F( v( K* @; g
Exercises 245
% {. w9 M7 z5 [ j" O, o1 W# o( m v# y5DesignandImplementationofIIRFilters 249) h. O- I0 C) K: I( r
5.1Introduction249
+ K' s( J: K0 w5.1.1AnalogSystems249/ _9 {* G* U+ U' P9 ^- P$ J5 E
5.1.2MappingProperties251
/ |- A1 ]: e" ^& ]; L5.1.3CharacteristicsofAnalogFilters2526 @7 M3 V* ?6 @) m
5.1.4FrequencyTransforms254
9 V) t c) S" M2 F5.2DesignofIIRFilters255
+ g0 {2 ]3 M( @! A& k5.2.1BilinearTransform256) d$ @0 y# q' }' `# n7 B' e3 f
5.2.2FilterDesignUsingBilinearTransform257' j8 k( w! z2 R
5.3RealizationofIIRFilters2587 V! b4 R4 P9 Q9 u& e. J4 g
5.3.1DirectForms258; M+ k7 A: v. r( n {7 M$ x
5.3.2CascadeForms260
1 Q" {4 q5 a9 K5.3.3ParallelForms262
# y3 W; g& P! m9 q- a% a( H; E5.3.4RealizationofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB263
$ V2 B1 \! ]- r% D# d$ {, I5.4DesignofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB2649 d1 z- g0 s: x! t9 ~% a+ k5 v
5.4.1FilterDesignUsingMATLAB264, b* u+ ~2 _ Q' N
5.4.2FrequencyTransformsUsingMATLAB267
+ ?6 _# t9 x7 J8 w. D5 h5.4.3DesignandRealizationUsingFDATool2687 c1 _% I3 I5 M
5.5ImplementationConsiderations2711 D" R" H$ A! e% L$ j3 }
5.5.1Stability271( h0 T2 b4 l; U. O& g7 M5 W+ [
5.5.2Finite-PrecisionEffectsandSolutions2732 @1 R, l# L" g2 _
5.5.3MATLABImplementations275CONTENTS ix. u6 Q& ?# H. j0 \+ D+ Z
5.6PracticalApplications279, \3 |; ?0 {& ] W1 r- |3 b! S
5.6.1RecursiveResonators279$ e5 e- I; ]0 N) M! _
5.6.2RecursiveQuadratureOscillators282
8 U6 l0 Q4 Z" @9 r p4 c: x p5.6.3ParametricEqualizers284% B- u v' |7 J9 A6 t% G
5.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples285
6 V6 r& x) Y0 J2 ^0 Q& v7 `5.7.1Floating-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter285# b/ J9 I, D+ g/ d% Q; ~# W2 w
5.7.2Fixed-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter286+ O4 P. G! j% i+ I+ f
5.7.3Fixed-PointDirect-FormIICascadeIIRFilter287# {; ]& X4 T' p/ T. _( n F
5.7.4ImplementationUsingDSPIntrinsics289( F& p o' S( l6 r; w: \
5.7.5ImplementationUsingAssemblyLanguage290" F' d/ U( U8 ], y
5.7.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSP/BIOS293: b. i' A" Y9 W3 o- g
5.7.7ImplementationofParametricEqualizer296
9 y L1 ~& m D. {5.7.8Real-TimeTwo-BandEqualizerUsingDSP/BIOS297
# v3 K3 g% J/ I3 YReferences 299; M: j8 h" w7 z4 m4 t/ { G
Exercises 2993 A6 ]: M' h$ r! `. Q
6FrequencyAnalysisandFastFourierTransform 3035 H' m& `8 U7 f# T( E2 G; p
6.1FourierSeriesandTransform303
% Q1 C7 j# d0 Z: b" Y% F) m9 r& @6.1.1FourierSeries303
* n& `- a2 S% [3 S2 B2 ~6.1.2FourierTransform304" C, g) |/ b: J! I
6.2DiscreteFourierTransform305, Q! q# r4 B: T" ?: ]
6.2.1Discrete-TimeFourierTransform305
* r. N* w$ U0 a! n6.2.2DiscreteFourierTransform3075 L, [( E8 R' B9 ?7 W( u! p% T2 w
6.2.3ImportantProperties3103 p* T" R+ E7 k1 M
6.3FastFourierTransforms3132 a: s5 A8 |$ t3 g- H9 {
6.3.1Decimation-in-Time314+ I% F: d4 X3 l2 {
6.3.2Decimation-in-Frequency316
* j7 }) |/ G. k: I! G7 L- D* X6.3.3InverseFastFourierTransform317
- A" \% D* ?+ W+ J7 M3 t6.4ImplementationConsiderations317
9 Z" X. T1 h0 ^$ ]% V* H6.4.1ComputationalIssues317
. N* r- I; [4 b+ ^; _5 u3 K9 O6 d6.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects318! c8 i/ e. @0 k
6.4.3MATLABImplementations3189 a0 P2 y, h! A
6.4.4Fixed-PointImplementationUsingMATLAB320 I) Z' d8 t+ m
6.5PracticalApplications322, B3 h( T+ P) i% ^: z7 i' M" n
6.5.1SpectralAnalysis322
3 h; y/ O6 O$ O8 j# j6.5.2SpectralLeakageandResolution3230 q1 A7 O* X- p/ O% G4 o; f
6.5.3PowerSpectrumDensity325 z& ^/ g4 M h
6.5.4FastConvolution328$ }% B3 g' ~ D( J
6.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples332( Q) s: `0 ?6 a9 r- _2 Q, A
6.6.1Floating-PointCImplementationofDFT332# O$ p7 \( k9 r" m6 u( H* Y$ q
6.6.2C55xAssemblyImplementationofDFT3322 T9 Q0 S% n2 D( U0 B' \7 J9 O' g2 J
6.6.3Floating-PointCImplementationofFFT336
, Z6 u2 l0 ]: M' Q7 n" ]/ ^ K- Q0 t$ x: C6.6.4C55xIntrinsicsImplementationofFFT3384 f# ?- U3 w) m& o5 Z; ^
6.6.5AssemblyImplementationofFFTandInverseFFT339
& w$ @4 o1 O5 N+ j: p6.6.6ImplementationofFastConvolution343. N# Z* U7 y; q. u4 }3 N( E
6.6.7Real-TimeFFTUsingDSP/BIOS3454 W( Q( K$ D" y v/ t1 N1 y
6.6.8Real-TimeFastConvolution347$ w8 F; |7 \) P- K! }3 ~
References 347
" \6 Z. Q% x. b) i1 ?- s- \" h5 CExercises 348x CONTENTS2 }4 U( @ E" {) ?; j1 C5 Y
7AdaptiveFiltering 351$ i' A( D; `2 V3 V. e& `
7.1IntroductiontoRandomProcesses351
( x' V% Q5 k2 k7.2AdaptiveFilters354
1 M+ W! C$ m9 E! j1 p7.2.1IntroductiontoAdaptiveFiltering354: e1 J7 Z8 y* k
7.2.2PerformanceFunction355
" S$ F# i. y3 O6 T& z7.2.3MethodofSteepestDescent3587 j) w S% B3 `# r4 h4 l
7.2.4TheLMSAlgorithm3601 W$ |0 E/ J6 N
7.2.5ModifiedLMSAlgorithms361
' z% }" I5 Z8 ]7.3PerformanceAnalysis3629 h5 K! }- w: K9 g* C+ ]3 n' s/ S
7.3.1StabilityConstraint362
X. X4 V- J/ ~8 Q: L7.3.2ConvergenceSpeed363+ @% c! o9 O- h8 h" T$ N- _
7.3.3ExcessMean-SquareError363
) u6 o8 j6 ?2 p# J5 L- s7.3.4NormalizedLMSAlgorithm364
" O, k& z3 u& ^2 S% x- d7.4ImplementationConsiderations364
* x' C' V' k- h8 k8 B* e; `7.4.1ComputationalIssues3656 q1 k& z- c4 s# t' c
7.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects365( t5 I, h& ?" q2 G5 e) M7 w
7.4.3MATLABImplementations366
5 W% f. ?& S9 _- Y- g0 |7.5PracticalApplications368
; {8 w3 l, D9 I) t' l2 g5 w+ n7.5.1AdaptiveSystemIdentification368
; H2 M3 o, c" n: [' y/ I$ r9 o7.5.2AdaptiveLinearPrediction369
: p9 J: A$ q8 U2 q7.5.3AdaptiveNoiseCancelation372: p/ F3 d; K0 D9 C) k% e" p H# _
7.5.4AdaptiveNotchFilters374
3 @3 W+ u* ^1 O" o/ ^: V! V7.5.5AdaptiveChannelEqualization375# c, M* F! r( H
7.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples377
% \( K" Y! _9 ^3 ^ N7.6.1Floating-PointCImplementation377
6 I( D4 n2 r. o7 L7.6.2Fixed-PointCImplementationofLeakyLMSAlgorithm379+ h$ \7 B4 F x$ g- a
7.6.3ETSIImplementationofNLMSAlgorithm380" U0 u' u5 w. I0 x: U
7.6.4AssemblyLanguageImplementationofDelayedLMSAlgorithm383/ b; H) y$ T' y3 h# v& r- v, s0 q
7.6.5AdaptiveSystemIdentification387
$ o; H' ]; J) ^7.6.6AdaptivePredictionandNoiseCancelation3883 W1 K* h" I/ Y2 T6 n+ _
7.6.7AdaptiveChannelEqualizer3922 X6 W4 S( h5 z0 f
7.6.8Real-TimeAdaptiveLineEnhancerUsingDSK394 e9 c+ u# W4 P$ _3 r) D: I* f
References 396" W3 G7 F7 G s8 c! g
Exercises 397
7 p) r+ Y( A4 Y2 K r O. {8DigitalSignalGenerators 401) v \& z n3 I7 ]% p( n$ I7 [
8.1SinewaveGenerators401 Z1 u& [- h4 Q* r- v g
8.1.1Lookup-TableMethod401' l! G3 b& m+ n4 q# X4 N) {6 w
8.1.2LinearChirpSignal4042 q6 E/ J w$ \3 I0 P
8.2NoiseGenerators405 V. a, a; ^% h3 M5 I
8.2.1LinearCongruentialSequenceGenerator405
- I+ c! t, F( Z' B8.2.2Pseudo-RandomBinarySequenceGenerator407
% f* K, g2 f2 O8 q- `7 K8.3PracticalApplications409; q' ?# y1 n! m7 _; c) i! W( Q
8.3.1SirenGenerators4093 \( x* [, K# j8 v9 P' o! K
8.3.2WhiteGaussianNoise409
- S% R% ?6 Y% B6 c5 X% v. E2 J9 D0 e8.3.3Dual-ToneMultifrequencyToneGenerator4108 p- B- g; X. X: ]! u9 l
8.3.4ComfortNoiseinVoiceCommunicationSystems411
5 E. X) V4 T5 x; o% w4 }! h( w: i8.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples412
4 _9 n" K% @9 p/ l8 E8.4.1SinewaveGeneratorUsingC5510DSK412& O$ M# E M: s
8.4.2WhiteNoiseGeneratorUsingC5510DSK413CONTENTS xi9 C* n5 m3 m8 n8 V" r4 ?
8.4.3WailSirenGeneratorUsingC5510DSK414
; ^/ l6 y: c7 C% H8.4.4DTMFGeneratorUsingC5510DSK415
6 ]- M- f) ?6 u8.4.5DTMFGeneratorUsingMATLABGraphicalUserInterface4160 q9 i5 z7 l& k7 c& D' L _" M
References 418
0 P7 w! y4 l# |8 T' c) YExercises 418
! E& X, l1 F7 n. j f9Dual-ToneMultifrequencyDetection 4215 k4 [" n4 Q; E( c; [- w
9.1Introduction421
2 z/ `; |7 }* Q$ H9.2DTMFToneDetection422
4 G" G% \- w- W9 P/ _' ~8 `9.2.1DTMFDecodeSpecifications422
_& @- Y' S! v9.2.2GoertzelAlgorithm423
, `: n& k d% `( n% m" I9.2.3OtherDTMFDetectionMethods4268 b' @: F+ v6 r8 w! S! V
9.2.4ImplementationConsiderations428
" [3 `/ ?- v# W9.3InternetApplicationIssuesandSolutions4315 {7 x4 Z! }$ ?1 d- c
9.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples4325 Q8 w, e7 o# I- z9 c# C
9.4.1ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingFixed-PointC432" h4 b& ~# t4 h) h0 G* z' k" i1 _
9.4.2ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingC55x
$ @9 a% c& l! C. ]+ m) b2 x( @AssemblyLanguage434
2 K3 {% x5 \+ Q6 L9.4.3DTMFDetectionUsingC5510DSK435, t8 u( d5 E3 B+ b/ Y& ?
9.4.4DTMFDetectionUsingAll-PoleModeling439; Z1 `8 N- c! ?0 m, ~$ W
References 441% x8 m8 V% r3 T: L& S
Exercises 442$ ^4 ~- t% n# i" m0 Y0 B( ~
10AdaptiveEchoCancelation 4434 l% ~4 o& I m. y/ \% O$ k( ~
10.1IntroductiontoLineEchoes443+ i! }: n1 t* F! I
10.2AdaptiveEchoCanceler444
2 {! x3 W4 s2 ]: g* K+ }" h) l/ ?10.2.1PrinciplesofAdaptiveEchoCancelation4451 Y5 Q; g( ~& |" y
10.2.2PerformanceEvaluation446: d5 Y" T: u" d" A7 y: Z l" ]
10.3PracticalConsiderations447- `- ^3 B& d* c" Z `- \
10.3.1PrewhiteningofSignals447
+ I" \) @# z, w( H10.3.2DelayDetection448
, F) j4 G/ w& ~/ v, v$ c/ u7 l10.4Double-TalkEffectsandSolutions450, F' e1 Y7 N, L6 q2 L# G
10.5NonlinearProcessor453$ W* p# z5 D( J
10.5.1CenterClipper453
: ]5 a+ m9 {# p; n/ D6 A" t" v10.5.2ComfortNoise453
: k+ H+ Y* Z1 V) ^10.6AcousticEchoCancelation454( t \# o6 a* R. |# j/ j. R
10.6.1AcousticEchoes454' e# M0 g. s) W7 C
10.6.2AcousticEchoCanceler456
5 @. k: V. j# `/ A' O10.6.3SubbandImplementations457
% ^- @% b) m% |' g3 i10.6.4Delay-FreeStructures459
4 e2 M4 m7 J% V+ R. [8 |, F9 A10.6.5ImplementationConsiderations459" ]3 F1 V, c3 H$ J; L7 j
10.6.6TestingStandards460
: b& v. ~2 g- c7 d: h10.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples461
# C+ p1 ^ E$ F- @1 n10.7.1MATLABImplementationofAEC461. I1 X% O- q ?7 L: i- Z' K: V
10.7.2AcousticEchoCancelationUsingFloating-PointC464/ E' Y5 h7 ^6 [0 s4 b7 p
10.7.3AcousticEchoCancelerUsingC55xIntrinsics468 V, {+ j1 ]. L9 K
10.7.4ExperimentofDelayEstimation469
, W0 L( |$ e( c7 \* ^6 tReferences 4726 W. T# J! U3 T! O8 K
Exercises 472xii CONTENTS2 {6 }& Z+ A7 C% x0 R# S
11Speech-CodingTechniques 475
$ N1 [: u8 t4 W% l4 j+ u C$ k11.1IntroductiontoSpeech-Coding475' {2 l- l/ @7 p2 F a e
11.2OverviewofCELPVocoders476, O S& T" _1 c; e9 o4 d
11.2.1SynthesisFilter477/ b/ f; A; V; O- E/ I' ~+ c
11.2.2Long-TermPredictionFilter481! J7 a+ W2 d* p: r! K2 s2 e0 u& q
11.2.3PerceptualBasedMinimizationProcedure481
6 k+ K$ K$ T) j$ i11.2.4ExcitationSignal482
. _4 W. Y9 f: l/ X4 ^* ~11.2.5AlgebraicCELP483! O8 Z1 y( m. o
11.3OverviewofSomePopularCODECs4846 j) o/ X. }9 l' a5 l J* R* W/ n
11.3.1OverviewofG.723.14840 [- I6 b# H8 b! v( ~1 F: g% \
11.3.2OverviewofG.729488
: _- x% d8 z% I9 w* b11.3.3OverviewofGSMAMR490
/ j* N8 f9 { U. X! R2 Q11.4VoiceoverInternetProtocolApplications492& ~8 o; t, K* U9 I9 o& I' R
11.4.1OverviewofVoIP492/ Z h5 S. l5 f
11.4.2Real-TimeTransportProtocolandPayloadType493
% Y* _$ J7 X! q. F# F" P( ?$ {11.4.3ExampleofPackingG.729496
7 H2 m- q8 e& x0 @+ L* Z, u! }$ V11.4.4RTPDataAnalysisUsingEtherealTrace4967 v9 ~. X, a5 `" @& m4 A* F
11.4.5FactorsAffectingtheOverallVoiceQuality497
6 g- Y4 Y* l* R: ?& J* L# N& j11.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples497
/ n8 F4 `( C# X2 D11.5.1CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingFloating-PointC497
6 i8 Z3 P, [5 ~11.5.2CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingC55xIntrinsics4994 i% C6 J8 E2 u/ w4 @/ N
11.5.3MATLABImplementationofFormantPerceptualWeightingFilter5042 q; @' W$ J! f; q& w
11.5.4ImplementationofPerceptualWeightingFilterUsingC55xIntrinsics506; t6 O3 _5 O4 J( a( J
References 507, ?+ {* H* o* v. z( _, a- d
Exercises 508
8 V- u* L5 b& s2 _. V12SpeechEnhancementTechniques 509: q$ K8 Q/ \' k' U b
12.1IntroductiontoNoiseReductionTechniques5092 @* {# P% V ~4 F
12.2SpectralSubtractionTechniques510/ k% J2 f' I6 y& `1 Q3 ?$ H
12.2.1Short-TimeSpectrumEstimation511* c9 C/ N* o, }) q
12.2.2MagnitudeSubtraction511
( ^! \3 k9 `4 f0 N12.3VoiceActivityDetection513+ d3 D: s0 _# R) S; X* S1 w2 K
12.4ImplementationConsiderations5159 H) w, y2 n' g, |+ |! D) M
12.4.1SpectralAveraging515
# [6 O4 p/ a s+ L12.4.2Half-WaveRectification515
; T$ [- ~ w8 Y$ s/ @' h: T12.4.3ResidualNoiseReduction516
2 |% k6 j: Z0 N2 V' f9 U12.5CombinationofAcousticEchoCancelationwithNR516
J7 Y- W0 P& B9 t; K12.6VoiceEnhancementandAutomaticLevelControl518" o: q: ?6 q# s& V
12.6.1VoiceEnhancementDevices518
. N: [1 l5 D9 { e7 Y% g1 X4 d& b- s12.6.2AutomaticLevelControl519
, [/ a7 ?4 ~( T12.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples519 x! o2 t5 t) H* v- |6 J9 r7 S$ ^4 l
12.7.1VoiceActivityDetection519( ~9 T$ y" U* V" [/ Y- W9 m
12.7.2MATLABImplementationofNRAlgorithm522) Z& G4 x" G# J
12.7.3Floating-PointCImplementationofNR522
$ V2 w" s/ ^4 R( l5 T& U5 h v2 f12.7.4MixedC55xAssemblyandIntrinsicsImplementationsofVAD5226 g( p3 ?" s4 m! h) d
12.7.5CombiningAECwithNR526
) W3 C+ ^; M% J0 mReferences 5297 J: M2 }5 X' b6 l0 f
Exercises 529CONTENTS xiii6 s/ D" m0 X. b" N3 e9 A
13AudioSignalProcessing 531
1 Z- l: q8 @* o2 ^2 j13.1Introduction531% L+ c, e6 p S" R1 S
13.2BasicPrinciplesofAudioCoding531
5 C! @& H B8 S p13.2.1Auditory-MaskingEffectsforPerceptualCoding533
' E, L' o! F" Z$ a+ |13.2.2Frequency-DomainCoding536% C' m, A: C9 R
13.2.3LosslessAudioCoding538- ~& d; M' P! ]. Y
13.3MultichannelAudioCoding539
. p2 k, ~! e/ p! Q! h3 ]13.3.1MP3540 ]+ j( a& s, W: K1 i7 S0 Q9 n4 \& _" o
13.3.2DolbyAC-3541
# g) b. I4 m ]% ?13.3.3MPEG-2AAC542
7 F h3 g. R: V% u: j0 x/ a# c13.4ConnectivityProcessing544
( K: b8 o! S2 A' U4 c8 d+ i13.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples544
" H3 j4 A; G$ [2 s7 u+ e13.5.1Floating-PointImplementationofMDCT544
5 |7 Q1 r! S, i) ^% |13.5.2ImplementationofMDCTUsingC55xIntrinsics547) }( p2 m Y. D; T1 v! \' v
13.5.3ExperimentsofPreechoEffects5494 M+ { z; _" w& V) _2 X( k
13.5.4Floating-PointCImplementationofMP3Decoding549
: Y0 ^, t4 L! Q1 D4 NReferences 553: @/ T7 ]- }0 I- m+ }5 g9 ?+ y
Exercises 553
# Q* v; d8 F% y14ChannelCodingTechniques 555
- [# {& X: p# `. t# b14.1Introduction555
; K+ [" w, X" I- O% { w0 d) M% m14.2BlockCodes556& [, N" G( F1 `
14.2.1Reed–SolomonCodes558: B& v: O, G$ A0 f
14.2.2ApplicationsofReed–SolomonCodes562
$ P' W, x+ P4 t$ l) Y4 W14.2.3CyclicRedundantCodes563* F | S( }8 h6 a
14.3ConvolutionalCodes564% A' @8 l C5 c3 p; D
14.3.1ConvolutionalEncoding564; {9 r+ n9 j3 r7 A: [) |3 ]- M( h \7 w
14.3.2ViterbiDecoding564( |4 z( V _) |! }& G& M R
14.3.3ApplicationsofViterbiDecoding566# L1 Y/ U* ] `/ y4 M" h
14.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples569
. x2 M- M( K5 h2 t14.4.1Reed–SolomonCodingUsingMATALB5696 h, u& J7 N2 W/ e, [/ W
14.4.2Reed–SolomonCodingUsingSimulink570" _6 H% ?* j! q' H' i1 A" ^0 F
14.4.3VerificationofRS(255,239)GenerationPolynomial571" |- \$ v; N2 l5 [
14.4.4ConvolutionalCodes572
3 z# x7 S/ B n6 t5 h, g' f9 [14.4.5ImplementationofConvolutionalCodesUsingC573! N) N4 w d7 a$ T9 `/ { J2 {
14.4.6ImplementationofCRC-32575
5 E4 V- a9 T2 p3 d! a) ]# I" SReferences 576) L1 J' ]0 m5 z0 O, z4 R G
Exercises 577( \' U2 f. |- Z5 c7 O6 h
15IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing 579: r$ p0 Z; Y9 ]+ X/ Y% d$ _
15.1DigitalImagesandSystems5795 w! G5 o7 ]. K6 V) Z& v4 {0 ~
15.1.1DigitalImages5793 i! s( W0 T' A) e( w. c
15.1.2DigitalImageSystems580
0 e9 J4 _- m* Z9 A3 p5 \15.2RGBColorSpacesandColorFilterArrayInterpolation581
& O( e+ w+ {# t8 ]/ B7 ]15.3ColorSpaces584
. m; p" u* z$ ?# f/ E5 I15.3.1YCbCr andYUVColorSpaces584
& ?# b3 X- y6 K8 \+ l, J15.3.2CYMKColorSpace585xiv CONTENTS0 S2 U3 _# F/ a4 y
15.3.3YIQColorSpace5859 \- r' e) n! }% f0 `$ h' n8 K
15.3.4HSVColorSpace585% B, q6 Y4 P. A3 `
15.4YCbCr SubsampledColorSpaces586
! q J' |5 f; b15.5ColorBalanceandCorrection5861 ^( U Q: l9 F; W
15.5.1ColorBalance587; y) ]3 J, V4 a- I# a+ c
15.5.2ColorAdjustment5889 `7 L2 `1 @! M# I# B: D& w1 k' @
15.5.3GammaCorrection589+ K$ N; Z6 Z! w
15.6ImageHistogram590
$ o' \& }) |3 e& R4 m5 b15.7ImageFiltering591 S5 s o0 b% j- m% g6 w
15.8ImageFilteringUsingFastConvolution596' V# s4 T7 [+ w
15.9PracticalApplications597' P _* q' D, w
15.9.1JPEGStandard5977 L3 M! J. N# F+ s0 v
15.9.22-DDiscreteCosineTransform5992 }5 c/ e6 S; b* l d
15.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples601+ {& T! R* J2 n8 m* K2 Q
15.10.1YCbCr toRGBConversion601
# a8 u- K7 L: o, x15.10.2UsingCCSLinkwithDSKandSimulator6041 c) [8 j) D5 v
15.10.3WhiteBalance607
. Z+ J& y) Y) W* {15.10.4GammaCorrectionandContrastAdjustment610) {5 N, k# _" c7 D8 m+ Y
15.10.5HistogramandHistogramEqualization611
: `7 R' F; }7 x15.10.62-DImageFiltering6134 W8 c. z& U% o/ j9 n
15.10.7ImplementationofDCTandIDCT617
+ y1 Y. e W6 E5 ^0 {4 X15.10.8TMS320C55xImageAcceleratorforDCTandIDCT621
8 @# l- g1 B/ u$ t/ G/ H15.10.9TMS320C55xHardwareAcceleratorImage/VideoProcessingLibrary623
; t- M+ v0 s4 U0 M; uReferences 625" u, k4 b& ?0 H6 H9 L& z
Exercises 625 |
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