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1 Introduction
! _0 O ^' {9 [1.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 1
/ i' P# ?3 K9 r* t+ B3 }1 _1.2 Overview............................................................................................................... 1
6 T: |. @! i6 ^5 F( }5 S1 E" [1.2.1 Advantages of DSP..................................................................................... 2+ ]. O+ o3 k5 L9 T' @
1.2.2 Reconfigurable Hardware Advantages ................................................... 29 P# Z; e# c- ?, B
1.3 Organization of Thesis ........................................................................................ 3
: ?, h2 J& e" b: i2 Programmable Logic Devices) z9 }# o+ B0 x6 p1 K7 x! E' c3 C
2.1 History of Programmable Logic ......................................................................... 4
0 P& F% C, e! `2.2 FPGA Architecture................................................................................................ 6
. B9 P/ g( d+ v, L2.3 Device Configuration ........................................................................................... 9+ ?4 B; z( j% T Q3 b7 W/ H6 _; X
2.3.1 Schematic Design Entry .............................................................................. 9% L1 H* ]" J3 w' p5 e) o
2.3.2 Hardware Description Languages ............................................................11
8 _3 ^. z+ E2 o5 \4 n6 O3 F2.3.3 High‐Level Languages ................................................................................11; r( K6 X0 [9 a+ \' q# {. g; u
2.4 Current Trends ......................................................................................................123 t* h! G, B0 A# g4 e) O
3 Adaptive Filter Overview
3 X5 \& L6 Z$ Q! E9 ~3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 135 m/ |/ M5 K1 V5 l* p
3.2 Adaptive Filtering Problem................................................................................ 14
/ R% g/ [7 d8 r$ Q- S" {3.3 Applications.......................................................................................................... 15& k3 R4 r% A1 t N1 ]7 ^- ]0 ]
3.4 Adaptive Algorithms........................................................................................... 16) E7 H; c& F1 y6 A8 p
3.4.1 Wiener Filters............................................................................................... 17
% W) z- s7 f! I9 y. x3.4.2 Method of Steepest Descent ...................................................................... 19
4 n+ h" @ P9 x) N4 |; V3.4.3 Least Mean Square Algorithm .................................................................. 20
4 j6 B9 Z+ \8 P2 O3.4.4 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm ......................................................... 21
9 L3 r, d# t1 x+ D4 FPGA Implementation
8 z8 N( X/ U# t, A4.1 FPGA Realization Issues ..................................................................................... 231 @- ?( K9 K2 R# N
4.2 Finite Precision Effects ........................................................................................ 24! R, V" A) ~. Q, s7 K
v( n4 O& ] k# w" P, z
4.2.1 Scale Factor Adjustment............................................................................. 24
6 ?0 d' D% U9 L6 T2 |$ v! w4.2.2 Training Algorithm Modification............................................................. 27
# z+ s1 m( V% u# K4 y' D4.3 Loadable Coefficient Filter Taps........................................................................ 31
$ `$ s+ t/ c6 i. C4 e; s& e4.3.1 Computed Partial Products Multiplication............................................. 31# u: I f+ E6 g
4.3.2 Embedded Multipliers ............................................................................... 34( ?) `8 u) g4 u$ P0 B \3 O( \: u" S/ i
4.3.3 Tap Implementation Results ..................................................................... 345 u' ^$ O# w8 r: o1 D7 n" I' |! }1 L
4.4 Embedded Microprocessor Utilization............................................................. 37
0 t( i& I$ k& h$ Z4.4.1 IBM PowerPC 405 ....................................................................................... 37& D$ h0 }- y# m3 W( }9 _0 [
4.4.2 Embedded Development Kit..................................................................... 38) N2 z% L4 [: U) W0 o( ~% \
4.4.3 Xilinx Processor Soft IP .............................................................................. 38) `% M% a8 `; }% {# Q H
4.4.3.1 User IP Cores ................................................................................... 395 g( N: a; W1 @5 B4 G9 X; |
4.4.4 Adaptive Filter IP Core .............................................................................. 41
$ W: R) m. B7 F% z, G6 F% |$ c5 Results0 X9 _. v3 ^# e6 E5 t% g `
5.1 Methods Used....................................................................................................... 426 K4 L" S' T6 s L) Q, w
5.2 Algorithm Analyses............................................................................................. 44
; o# i2 R+ b1 H% M, w2 z5.2.1 Full Precision Analysis............................................................................... 44
- `, b# m% h/ I) f3 N4 k1 B5.2.2 Fixed‐Point Analysis................................................................................... 46
! M, |, w! Q! k* |( D: \) c3 {) Y5.3 Hardware Verification......................................................................................... 48
$ G) m5 ^3 Y) N; D# |5 X" g5.4 Power Consumption............................................................................................ 49
7 \5 f+ x; T5 I4 o. }4 Q5.5 Bandwidth Considerations................................................................................. 50
$ F" X) H; D, ?( b% Y6 Conclusions" M" ]) h/ _0 c. A' _( x3 C9 e. U
6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 527 M2 K& X6 |+ z# G! Z& ]' ]
6.2 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 53, v# l9 N" P- y- T2 E, l
Appendix A Matlab Code........................................................................................... 55
9 D$ T8 I- @# C" C' Z7 E8 {Appendix B VHDL Code............................................................................................ 59
: Y4 A' `( q w" U# r8 ]Appendix C C Code .................................................................................................... 75
# y D7 i1 A; K& a. q9 kAppendix D Device Synthesis Results ................................................................... 80+ Q4 b& P2 l6 x; b" o. D
References ..................................................................................................................... 83
* M1 X$ ?8 S8 v/ I2 E2 aBiographical Sketch .................................................................................................... 866 ?: C7 b! s$ m; x+ C: I, `- v+ Z
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