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1IntroductiontoReal-TimeDigitalSignalProcessing 1
$ P+ M+ S: |5 G4 h1.1BasicElementsofReal-TimeDSPSystems21 Q) e1 z5 g" D* h( f7 Y: g2 n
1.2AnalogInteRFace3- G j: ]$ |( W$ }
1.2.1Sampling3
6 _: T, ~; c; h5 {1.2.2QuantizationandEncoding7
6 l5 e: D" f" ?; J6 g) w1.2.3SmoothingFilters87 H1 ?/ k7 P- a- i" [* B f
1.2.4DataConverters9
9 r/ \9 F6 I* ?0 G a) L' r4 E1.3DSPHardware10! x" f2 p: J6 z2 i
1.3.1DSPHardwareOptions10
+ j" F* \ j; L; F! s6 K$ c1.3.2DSPProcessors13! |7 X6 ^* D5 {" |0 i+ ~. @' l
1.3.3Fixed-andFloating-PointProcessors15# I2 s1 {% y# `
1.3.4Real-TimeConstraints16
' j& W3 F" @8 t/ c1.4DSPSystemDesign17
! C, O0 j3 X' P9 J# o$ [1.4.1AlgorithmDevelopment18
~, ]1 _& x! ?1 |5 m1.4.2SelectionofDSPProcessors19
& D9 l# C- f2 b1 u1.4.3SoftwareDevelopment20
" v$ [$ v$ Z& n1.4.4High-LevelSoftwareDevelopmentTools21
1 Q' E4 ~! P, J" w `1.5IntroductiontoDSPDevelopmentTools223 d5 c& h6 P! E- A( |! a
1.5.1CCompiler22- O- S" `( N) |6 C/ z% E5 {
1.5.2Assembler23
* ~; M2 q2 W5 ?( n$ f7 D1.5.3Linker24% W, {8 F4 M( i( B
1.5.4OtherDevelopmentTools25$ {& }. H. e. ^" @0 p
1.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples25- J* ~0 i4 j* W7 n) y& R# Q2 i
1.6.1ExperimentsofUsingCCSandDSK26
4 {/ e; p1 F5 D! Q& _) j2 e1.6.2DebuggingProgramUsingCCSandDSK29( x; K, E! r y* K+ G" s
1.6.3FileI/OUsingProbePoint32
+ U- h6 b4 D% Z$ D8 N; o2 q( ?+ M1.6.4FileI/OUsingCFileSystemFunctions35
5 y* T- A; J% T1 s: N# u1.6.5CodeEfficiencyAnalysisUsingProfiler378 O. I2 R: J+ n9 g
1.6.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSK39
: p8 q+ H1 u: x1.6.7SamplingTheory42$ P( W* g- X6 j* A+ c8 n1 Q" Y9 \
1.6.8QuantizationinADCs44
" _# B2 H1 o# u0 P# KReferences 45
0 f7 n" p0 e9 s& H6 M9 fExercises 45vi CONTENTS
4 ^- f" O/ n2 a" S, H0 D, X2IntroductiontoTMS320C55xDigitalSignalProcessor 49
M5 }4 C% g) C/ t& O* N k2.1Introduction49) C; c) h8 k8 ~
2.2TMS320C55xArchitecture50
% s, U8 m- W5 K0 H( f; T2.2.1ArchitectureOverview50, Q9 }2 Q( [; ]$ }* p& H$ ^
2.2.2Buses53
9 Y, k+ G. ?6 g" \- G6 e2.2.3On-ChipMemories53
7 o" M3 I! q" o5 I2.2.4Memory-MappedRegisters559 ^+ } S+ w: j V, L0 H
2.2.5InterruptsandInterruptVector55
; S/ U* y2 r4 `5 c2.3TMS320C55xPeripherals58
9 u. \1 B! x, |+ F7 u; r2.3.1ExternalMemoryInterface60- h% N0 u: @7 @* r6 n6 O/ b, }
2.3.2DirectMemoryAccess60
+ h6 ^6 B+ I; ~, D2.3.3EnhancedHost-PortInterface612 y T$ x/ v1 d# f3 a. _
2.3.4Multi-ChannelBufferedSerialPorts62$ H; s! s- w* b) t& N
2.3.5ClockGeneratorandTimers65$ d* l- m2 p( _( [* J3 Q7 u4 S2 X7 M
2.3.6GeneralPurposeInput/OutputPort653 Y' g# w6 [: [ ?
2.4TMS320C55xAddressingModes650 z7 Z$ X1 F- O' |/ V' k% U
2.4.1DirectAddressingModes66
) t' C' G- I4 V% b5 N" i7 B+ s0 o2.4.2IndirectAddressingModes68
; [! v4 y$ i7 m- K+ F( u2.4.3AbsoluteAddressingModes70" W' v0 ?* T9 _! {% H+ b' _2 k% q
2.4.4Memory-MappedRegisterAddressingMode70
) S2 J" }% C9 A* P5 ^8 G* N7 G* z2.4.5RegisterBitsAddressingMode71
% s7 {$ C$ c) {. Z5 z- h2 h2.4.6CircularAddressingMode72
) p5 C" @9 D2 r1 W; F2.5PipelineandParallelism73
& V) S+ s$ H/ V; T$ M) ?3 ]2.5.1TMS320C55xPipeline73# E6 V6 {( d/ e( l8 ~
2.5.2ParallelExecution74
9 T% a3 J0 a! }/ w1 r2.6TMS320C55xInstructionSet76
9 i8 e( r2 w4 D' L& Q8 f M3 U2 F2.6.1ArithmeticInstructions76
, f& L, ?) M; r/ Y& B( y, b2.6.2LogicandBitManipulationInstructions77
. z! y6 D7 O! _2 Y8 e2.6.3MoveInstruction78$ j" \/ B% v/ {' c& y% z1 |
2.6.4ProgramFlowControlInstructions78( {: } T: Q1 Y
2.7TMS320C55xAssemblyLanguageProgramming82
5 |2 X; n6 ?0 C2.7.1AssemblyDirectives827 X; g% ]& H" S! p
2.7.2AssemblyStatementSyntax84
+ U Y4 n, K% [5 s2.8CLanguageProgrammingforTMS320C55x86/ i: F% |, ]& x! q' p7 v
2.8.1DataTypes86* t% i1 j' d' d$ I6 u y3 y/ a
2.8.2AssemblyCodeGenerationbyCCompiler871 d1 F. U/ j8 y/ u2 o1 W" W0 d
2.8.3CompilerKeywordsandPragmaDirectives89
8 p6 N+ B, [8 U2 c$ q+ d' o5 [2.9MixedC-and-AssemblyLanguageProgramming90' I4 G o0 ^1 V: g: I
2.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples93
3 ?3 U7 P; I* V. O% u9 ~$ Z6 O" E8 l" B5 }2.10.1InterfacingCwithAssemblyCode93
/ }2 J9 a1 p e9 Y( n Z0 Y2.10.2AddressingModesUsingAssemblyProgramming94
( U: _7 G2 n' o, ]$ \5 }2.10.3Phase-LockedLoopandTimers97
" @; g* @* m* D3 j/ k3 A2.10.4EMIFConfigurationforUsingSDRAM103
. \3 Q% y. e! x( |2.10.5ProgrammingFlashMemoryDevices105
* M( n0 [* x& D% A" u2.10.6UsingMcBSP106: i# ?$ _) d& }, P
2.10.7AIC23Configurations109+ b( u* a8 X+ w C5 x6 o5 _7 a
2.10.8DirectMemoryAccess111
! q: H4 ~5 ^0 U c" uReferences 115
! K: a* y1 {: ?! E2 ]8 @8 xExercises 115CONTENTS vii- t$ R+ [0 {9 Z- e1 }4 v* i! p; x
3DSPFundamentalsandImplementation
% D1 f7 @% ~- ~" _# p$ EConsiderations 121
3 L( ?. ?# ?6 _6 K# w3.1DigitalSignalsandSystems121- }( _4 y7 d9 @, N
3.1.1ElementaryDigitalSignals1211 r; h: x: V4 M
3.1.2BlockDiagramRepresentationofDigitalSystems1236 t" |& j* J/ ~3 A' S- h7 D
3.2SystEMConcepts126
# Q+ Z* ~. c ?, A; D3 G3.2.1LinearTime-InvariantSystems126, p1 i3 O3 F" m
3.2.2The z-Transform130
! n; b: I% V$ R) q4 ~- ^2 z3.2.3TransferFunctions1320 s8 [9 Z. W* n- [# e
3.2.4PolesandZeros135
* k7 n% r. P0 g0 k" \7 v9 d3.2.5FrequencyResponses138
# J3 ?7 Q% L+ T/ y3 N3.2.6DiscreteFourierTransform141
' C) f( H* ]( @2 S9 _3.3IntroductiontoRandomVariables142/ K9 }5 \+ I( u' A) b, \
3.3.1ReviewofRandomVariables142( i" ]: L' J, U- L) S
3.3.2OperationsofRandomVariables144
" L3 ^; A+ I% O, W' N3 U# ?& f3.4Fixed-PointRepresentationsandQuantizationEffects147+ b' L& D, [" Q& g$ C- {1 n
3.4.1Fixed-PointFormats1474 e4 _, O' G$ J( R, p) p
3.4.2QuantizationErrors151
0 [4 k8 t, S& t( G. f4 g3.4.3SignalQuantization1513 i+ L" ~4 M- u2 F) T; _9 D3 d
3.4.4CoefficientQuantization153, x! b% T4 ^9 e' U
3.4.5RoundoffNoise153 r! c7 ?, u) a8 r# ?
3.4.6Fixed-PointToolbox154
# F5 s) ]0 a4 l* J: Y, f& g; T3.5OverflowandSolutions1577 f$ u7 ?' t/ F6 y: K4 b, h4 Y
3.5.1SaturationArithmetic1579 D/ A6 B2 i3 a/ f5 @# t
3.5.2OverflowHandling158+ W4 I; u5 W7 m; P
3.5.3ScalingofSignals158
$ j. l. E- _# G( Z5 R6 N3.5.4GuardBits159
; I9 {6 Q% M; L* p3.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples159' C- T5 K9 a" V) G
3.6.1QuantizationofSinusoidalSignals1603 V4 m- F6 a3 {
3.6.2QuantizationofAudioSignals161: ?/ i2 U8 Y1 b3 ^
3.6.3QuantizationofCoefficients162
: Y/ O, L* c% B$ d% m/ b3.6.4OverflowandSaturationArithmetic164
& G% j7 j4 d- E, j3.6.5FunctionApproximations167, y- t! B! v8 o1 h) b* }
3.6.6Real-TimeDigitalSignalGenerationUsingDSK175
5 f) Z4 a" }& A' _5 v# uReferences 180
% W# H% t! B3 h" F& j$ M. }Exercises 180
1 m q4 c4 v5 R5 t M4DesignandImplementationofFIRFilters 185
3 x5 B; B( k% q/ x4.1IntroductiontoFIRFilters1854 V4 b- u$ k0 g8 F4 m
4.1.1FilterCharacteristics185
9 z. C8 g. M9 u4.1.2FilterTypes1873 v& A( y5 {8 r1 T3 `) f
4.1.3FilterSpecifications189, m9 l# T8 r& S! u" v) J
4.1.4Linear-PhaseFIRFilters191
3 Q; y8 @4 X$ C2 c+ W( ?. R4.1.5RealizationofFIRFilters194
8 H1 _+ a$ ?8 x" M0 U+ _0 X8 X4.2DesignofFIRFilters196
9 o# m. q5 {) y' y3 x4.2.1FourierSeriesMethod197* C( N: u( ?* S3 ~) W
4.2.2GibbsPhenomenon198
( Z! a" x- t/ _3 B4 T1 B& u4.2.3WindowFunctions201viii CONTENTS
% J3 }6 i2 J" o7 o4.2.4DesignofFIRFiltersUsingMATLAB206. A: J0 z+ K" h) E4 b
4.2.5DesignofFIRFiltersUsingFDATool207
& J9 p W+ a9 C/ V, q4.3ImplementationConsiderations213. Q- J" }! j! s) f% }: ?5 z
4.3.1QuantizationEffectsinFIRFilters213
; r0 E/ X8 w. y6 ^( W0 I4.3.2MATLABImplementations2168 m- Y8 B% g y. S3 Y. w. L5 x
4.3.3Floating-PointCImplementations218
$ ]% c7 t2 N7 e. [+ A8 c; _4.3.4Fixed-PointCImplementations219# n$ P- n% G2 P# J2 V. a
4.4Applications:InterpolationandDecimationFilters220# b! {- e$ e( k3 w5 l
4.4.1Interpolation2201 E' K! D! g2 c
4.4.2Decimation221
6 z4 p" Y' M$ ]' N, M9 _6 ~( I7 N- f4.4.3Sampling-RateConversion221 U+ I$ s6 A. F& |) u
4.4.4MATLABImplementations224
" D. C D( g& v9 p4.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples225
* D3 J {1 e$ K8 m1 u, K4.5.1ImplementationofFIRFiltersUsingFixed-PointC226
" f0 l2 ^! z1 S! o1 _4.5.2ImplementationofFIRFilterUsingC55xAssembly
% Z9 c# s% S8 }6 o' }: h$ a8 CLanguage226& b4 i. x7 ~/ m* |$ k3 r" `4 T: H
4.5.3OptimizationforSymmetricFIRFilters228
5 I+ L$ D* X6 }5 Z8 Z: u9 Z( D& A4.5.4OptimizationUsingDualMACArchitecture230
9 ]" Z0 j* d7 L0 F! L2 i1 m5 X; Y w4.5.5ImplementationofDecimation232
: m! l1 u: ^. {' |* B0 t" O4.5.6ImplementationofInterpolation233
# p7 b/ _% K8 E+ u: T4.5.7SampleRateConversion2348 P, S% C7 u& P
4.5.8Real-TimeSampleRateConversionUsing/ S& h0 D4 x' G* R% y$ w" q# N, f
DSP/BIOSandDSK235: }9 p; S+ ]# }6 s* n
References 245
2 T. a& Q$ F0 y8 ^( ?2 gExercises 245
) q/ M7 g* M4 }1 S6 @' M* q5DesignandImplementationofIIRFilters 249
5 y, L# D: r4 g1 C; X7 d! D( W5.1Introduction249
% v- G& E0 s4 k, ?2 s8 ^9 P5.1.1AnalogSystems249
; _! l1 P" T2 M1 k! o5.1.2MappingProperties251
' h3 M- y1 G8 z% v5 `5.1.3CharacteristicsofAnalogFilters252) p, l: h2 R5 e ^) Y
5.1.4FrequencyTransforms254
+ k8 }; N3 C# r: A: E* d5.2DesignofIIRFilters255
; Q8 Z+ ^ |( d8 f5.2.1BilinearTransform256
1 s8 ]0 B( L' \5 p& [5.2.2FilterDesignUsingBilinearTransform257 X7 n; X2 H+ L9 G3 ~+ I
5.3RealizationofIIRFilters258! K+ D2 _ o% e7 ]& I7 U+ s
5.3.1DirectForms258
- l! S! K2 D6 B1 z! t, L8 U5.3.2CascadeForms2605 |+ {0 e2 S" V- L& f* C7 p
5.3.3ParallelForms262
& o2 f. {! J$ N& ~5 R) C5.3.4RealizationofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB263, @$ D& {* ^. T- N
5.4DesignofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB2644 f" g4 o5 O( S- e [2 [2 z' z
5.4.1FilterDesignUsingMATLAB264# d0 J. u- B! A) U7 g' F
5.4.2FrequencyTransformsUsingMATLAB267
4 w" B/ r4 A+ f5.4.3DesignandRealizationUsingFDATool268
- v, l+ C! s9 B) [" I0 J/ \5.5ImplementationConsiderations271- ?- F; J* ]. m, F. Y$ `6 n1 i
5.5.1Stability271, e$ x4 w8 p. h" W2 z
5.5.2Finite-PrecisionEffectsandSolutions273
* r1 y6 X6 L" B' i9 V5.5.3MATLABImplementations275CONTENTS ix M4 O* [- E& D
5.6PracticalApplications279
7 X; O+ l: b' d5.6.1RecursiveResonators279* D% O# e9 c/ _2 T1 |" _& v
5.6.2RecursiveQuadratureOscillators282+ Y, Q1 }/ f! S! G$ e1 v0 k
5.6.3ParametricEqualizers284* w1 L9 \. S. x, B+ x4 W& ^
5.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples285
7 X. }' P- _; q- ?- V& X5.7.1Floating-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter285
& Q) p. L( N2 j& D# B( h5 |5.7.2Fixed-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter286
5 w& }" ~: u! v1 t% ^5.7.3Fixed-PointDirect-FormIICascadeIIRFilter287
' g8 N5 w/ i5 w: F/ g; N& x5.7.4ImplementationUsingDSPIntrinsics2898 M; G/ X5 i! l; c) q! a7 }
5.7.5ImplementationUsingAssemblyLanguage2901 e8 [3 ]# q) X5 h
5.7.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSP/BIOS293
8 e1 l7 ?3 [6 I) ?* k- z2 F# e5.7.7ImplementationofParametricEqualizer296
0 d5 s3 Z6 Q, d! L4 h5.7.8Real-TimeTwo-BandEqualizerUsingDSP/BIOS297, c+ F$ L, X& e5 a/ \! Q" E( H
References 299
- O w7 ~) N. _Exercises 299! f& Y, U7 P0 k" a
6FrequencyAnalysisandFastFourierTransform 303' b% a* S; {$ F+ n% D% M6 t k
6.1FourierSeriesandTransform303" t5 d. g3 i+ A( F! K# C* p
6.1.1FourierSeries303
5 F' e1 g0 u1 j0 O6.1.2FourierTransform304; j/ [- [' u6 Q0 J* f
6.2DiscreteFourierTransform305
* c5 k- B$ D8 ]- s) K6.2.1Discrete-TimeFourierTransform305, S2 D( |4 f* {, T# n5 c1 _
6.2.2DiscreteFourierTransform307
, H8 s% M5 t7 L) I( p l6.2.3ImportantProperties3107 e' }( W! [( d! b2 p* a# H
6.3FastFourierTransforms3138 X" L n( Y3 g) v7 y2 B5 R
6.3.1Decimation-in-Time314
' X/ v# C- S8 z8 D# }! a6.3.2Decimation-in-Frequency316
1 k4 t7 y0 w' c0 `( o6.3.3InverseFastFourierTransform317
' m) y/ r3 B3 @5 l7 _$ R6.4ImplementationConsiderations317
# t3 z0 [: {4 C' M2 J" m6.4.1ComputationalIssues317
& P* b* t5 k1 I6.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects3184 _: z) G% q3 b$ e9 R$ a/ K
6.4.3MATLABImplementations318+ \7 }7 g' {* h* V' M9 \4 z
6.4.4Fixed-PointImplementationUsingMATLAB320
5 V. @: g% ^% y+ I+ _6.5PracticalApplications322, L i, ?4 K% w
6.5.1SpectralAnalysis3226 n( ~) V; R% e6 n. Z
6.5.2SpectralLeakageandResolution323
- L1 q$ V3 A0 h H6.5.3PowerSpectrumDensity3254 V5 Y/ s' X& }7 B5 Q8 V
6.5.4FastConvolution328
/ V r4 N( {+ t% h* A! Q% P6.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples3322 A6 o$ Z6 E/ g a. ^# {
6.6.1Floating-PointCImplementationofDFT332" |& e1 u. P! \1 E0 r
6.6.2C55xAssemblyImplementationofDFT3327 e: E, E! n5 d+ u" S% U
6.6.3Floating-PointCImplementationofFFT336
% o. I; ?0 X/ q9 b- b: N6.6.4C55xIntrinsicsImplementationofFFT338
) f" J; p2 b1 U }0 \6.6.5AssemblyImplementationofFFTandInverseFFT339/ s. ~7 v+ l: G: ?; r) Z: _2 Q
6.6.6ImplementationofFastConvolution343
8 \+ z3 o. ?5 Y3 u+ G M6.6.7Real-TimeFFTUsingDSP/BIOS345, `8 j! [2 O, u& V% H
6.6.8Real-TimeFastConvolution3475 s$ i3 i3 g! \) j) ]
References 347
4 p, V+ t7 s# b7 ]6 e nExercises 348x CONTENTS
$ X9 c* m' K. V1 j8 {7AdaptiveFiltering 351
8 L. c2 u0 B) E2 K4 l0 p1 e7.1IntroductiontoRandomProcesses351
! X/ @1 Z( n1 @- C2 ~: u; d: Y) G7.2AdaptiveFilters354
b2 V9 N$ }+ Q# |) ]7.2.1IntroductiontoAdaptiveFiltering3549 o4 a. I- M2 J
7.2.2PerformanceFunction355
$ a* e/ _$ t1 ]* N- J3 Y- V7.2.3MethodofSteepestDescent358. ]! {. e: i9 c6 J: O! P' b
7.2.4TheLMSAlgorithm3603 y3 p- ^# M; A/ L* Z0 q
7.2.5ModifiedLMSAlgorithms361
7 Y8 Y( ^9 J( L+ {7.3PerformanceAnalysis3623 c* _' \ x5 s9 y2 R9 z
7.3.1StabilityConstraint3628 [# U+ t/ G5 h9 P' U/ ]: q
7.3.2ConvergenceSpeed363; g1 `" G3 w4 H! r1 Y- O
7.3.3ExcessMean-SquareError363( ?& B$ K7 }* P2 D1 J8 |: H9 H ~2 g& r
7.3.4NormalizedLMSAlgorithm364; A: S" b q G) y" Y+ M3 h1 B! Z
7.4ImplementationConsiderations3644 n! N- x* X9 P7 r7 E
7.4.1ComputationalIssues365
- _% c. B: ]5 K7.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects365. y2 U/ D6 R) J- K8 _. X0 o
7.4.3MATLABImplementations366
& o9 J5 @& E! s5 v1 O w7.5PracticalApplications368) [( u0 r7 Y9 y! i6 ?' e
7.5.1AdaptiveSystemIdentification368/ k, T3 O5 ? l
7.5.2AdaptiveLinearPrediction3693 Q* F5 r: N3 `: J Q: V5 H
7.5.3AdaptiveNoiseCancelation372; y/ x% }' [% J
7.5.4AdaptiveNotchFilters374
, W" a- e, G: z/ a, ^" x7.5.5AdaptiveChannelEqualization375
- j* M E& ^" _" [& b k. y0 V1 u; u7.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples3774 s& j( x( L' ^6 f
7.6.1Floating-PointCImplementation377
( C6 v5 _$ Z6 _7.6.2Fixed-PointCImplementationofLeakyLMSAlgorithm379
% Z7 A% u C* V; T3 V7.6.3ETSIImplementationofNLMSAlgorithm380; r+ M4 T; B! w: r/ {4 L* F
7.6.4AssemblyLanguageImplementationofDelayedLMSAlgorithm383, Q8 _8 e, q8 A U& l8 O; l+ A
7.6.5AdaptiveSystemIdentification3879 N3 P! L1 g8 p! b/ c p k" e
7.6.6AdaptivePredictionandNoiseCancelation388! d! [1 J% ]+ x- W
7.6.7AdaptiveChannelEqualizer392, j3 _4 p7 B+ ^9 |& J; B4 M {/ Q I
7.6.8Real-TimeAdaptiveLineEnhancerUsingDSK3942 R* C! M( `- |$ {: a5 F, ~: B# a5 t
References 396
' P4 j5 N+ X) k) y8 ~Exercises 3974 C+ q3 T: R7 `7 d
8DigitalSignalGenerators 4013 m8 t: ]6 m+ E& Z, B9 {. b$ i8 y
8.1SinewaveGenerators401' F6 [6 w4 j. ^+ T8 j5 r& u/ L0 I
8.1.1Lookup-TableMethod401
# n4 L( M* s: r- V4 [8.1.2LinearChirpSignal404
/ p8 l( V& i, ?& B8.2NoiseGenerators405
, T8 S5 T% v U# ?8.2.1LinearCongruentialSequenceGenerator4054 g, ]- U1 O' ~& f8 C* t
8.2.2Pseudo-RandomBinarySequenceGenerator4079 y1 R' ~1 P: {# j
8.3PracticalApplications409
6 g( ^/ B q4 K* }8.3.1SirenGenerators409! a. h* l4 a* \6 p
8.3.2WhiteGaussianNoise4090 n/ E3 b5 h* i( u, w
8.3.3Dual-ToneMultifrequencyToneGenerator410
4 g" n, c G8 I D8.3.4ComfortNoiseinVoiceCommunicationSystems411$ u; r% E$ T4 r7 p2 n! k) D" D, r- T
8.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples412
0 J' h1 L2 Q0 J5 l5 p \3 z8.4.1SinewaveGeneratorUsingC5510DSK412
9 g9 x3 R$ o3 M: k8.4.2WhiteNoiseGeneratorUsingC5510DSK413CONTENTS xi) p" V0 c' |6 o$ [$ t
8.4.3WailSirenGeneratorUsingC5510DSK414/ I4 v8 Y Y% \6 g6 D W5 K
8.4.4DTMFGeneratorUsingC5510DSK415
& e% W v9 P- h; U) A8.4.5DTMFGeneratorUsingMATLABGraphicalUserInterface416
3 |4 I+ k# M! {4 V3 r& w6 nReferences 418' g7 \! Q$ t6 R& L4 p* h8 L
Exercises 418
" {/ o, r- {0 V r9Dual-ToneMultifrequencyDetection 421
) X) D# b; [$ e' W5 N' T4 X9.1Introduction421; w3 c3 @1 V: S' [
9.2DTMFToneDetection422
5 h& U! W. a5 U5 s7 t6 M% J9.2.1DTMFDecodeSpecifications422, p) j4 c: ^5 T2 I3 V
9.2.2GoertzelAlgorithm423, I* l( h% \9 G$ U' n
9.2.3OtherDTMFDetectionMethods4260 D" \9 z( B3 a, _: w+ g
9.2.4ImplementationConsiderations4287 x+ c I# H" C6 E4 o" v. J+ W, t8 x
9.3InternetApplicationIssuesandSolutions431
$ f, ^: u, J5 I" i2 O* c9.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples432
, N' N% S) Y2 q! H; U) R( z9.4.1ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingFixed-PointC432
4 A- u& z9 T# [) ~: @3 ^9.4.2ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingC55x
* p0 y" }4 ~1 f( `+ d) iAssemblyLanguage434
6 R% N: n$ Z: j, W- K% [7 T/ w9.4.3DTMFDetectionUsingC5510DSK435
) u. J; k% q% j$ N- A) K, t; s9.4.4DTMFDetectionUsingAll-PoleModeling439# p& i* F1 U0 F8 @
References 441
( D1 u$ H4 v3 v# N2 I7 wExercises 442
, T4 ? R. A9 u* a( v10AdaptiveEchoCancelation 443
$ ~1 z: Q7 f5 A3 [6 _, @10.1IntroductiontoLineEchoes443* L0 z q+ S$ @
10.2AdaptiveEchoCanceler444
( L& X/ z, J! t0 z1 ~10.2.1PrinciplesofAdaptiveEchoCancelation4455 E/ m. C. r a- n( I/ z' A) t
10.2.2PerformanceEvaluation446
) h0 |& O7 k" `+ N4 y10.3PracticalConsiderations4477 a- s. r: H' `/ f5 v
10.3.1PrewhiteningofSignals447+ {4 l1 j& g( j4 J* ~+ ~
10.3.2DelayDetection448 d/ {2 W) @: g9 i
10.4Double-TalkEffectsandSolutions450$ w( s' z. u# k, P* H+ D( n5 N* B' A
10.5NonlinearProcessor453. ]/ \8 r1 _2 U1 S* G
10.5.1CenterClipper453
) L0 @+ @' L2 Z: K0 O. n( \$ m10.5.2ComfortNoise453
/ N% D6 N7 a. c- o& j d, m10.6AcousticEchoCancelation4545 A% e, Z" S5 h' [
10.6.1AcousticEchoes454
; w h ?9 L9 R) B7 N! _10.6.2AcousticEchoCanceler456
" m, h! ?" R% i, t8 H10.6.3SubbandImplementations457
" N1 Y. \ T* L! G4 u( n10.6.4Delay-FreeStructures4592 ], h2 |9 p* y; p' x, k
10.6.5ImplementationConsiderations459
, U" m4 w# d0 \! _& m, ?: J10.6.6TestingStandards460( `- z+ t. {) J( k
10.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples4615 M- x" s' O# |% I* g6 ?" p
10.7.1MATLABImplementationofAEC4619 c7 L0 b; t# W- P" i5 r4 {
10.7.2AcousticEchoCancelationUsingFloating-PointC4647 q2 C! _" G1 k- g* U$ J+ L6 Q9 s
10.7.3AcousticEchoCancelerUsingC55xIntrinsics468
0 i7 [8 S8 a% R( m9 L3 D2 j10.7.4ExperimentofDelayEstimation469/ n: N" M" [+ \, L& J
References 472, o3 Y$ \( a! e0 J+ @
Exercises 472xii CONTENTS4 N7 V3 R& |, k5 K
11Speech-CodingTechniques 475
8 Q% S, q% e; z6 l4 L* g& m11.1IntroductiontoSpeech-Coding475
4 q. t0 I; D+ H1 F- S" [* P11.2OverviewofCELPVocoders476
0 S" b0 O& j- ~3 X7 A- m/ Q" f7 z11.2.1SynthesisFilter477 H/ T! I/ R0 R2 R
11.2.2Long-TermPredictionFilter481
- s. x0 q5 {0 |& _) x1 e11.2.3PerceptualBasedMinimizationProcedure481
/ N ~+ S9 j" a* e2 N' h11.2.4ExcitationSignal482' A7 K# b; O7 n! d, n
11.2.5AlgebraicCELP483
9 l/ K4 V ^ q# a& Q1 H% N' v11.3OverviewofSomePopularCODECs484
% z4 P5 [7 i+ K8 p0 S11.3.1OverviewofG.723.1484
' ~ i9 {% G: S4 ]2 n( [11.3.2OverviewofG.729488: w- O0 t$ v9 i1 s- R8 X
11.3.3OverviewofGSMAMR490; N; D1 R& o. H
11.4VoiceoverInternetProtocolApplications492( C* \6 F& K$ ^0 d* O4 A% F0 A
11.4.1OverviewofVoIP492; l! V! q; P3 D
11.4.2Real-TimeTransportProtocolandPayloadType4930 \, F* {5 H9 b' \7 `" o
11.4.3ExampleofPackingG.729496
6 d$ i/ n5 Q+ a11.4.4RTPDataAnalysisUsingEtherealTrace4963 Q& B, c, V; G4 T. G8 P9 G# \9 `
11.4.5FactorsAffectingtheOverallVoiceQuality497
. E3 y: S' M {* H11.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples497
. g0 a I- `, v# R& }$ C7 b11.5.1CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingFloating-PointC497+ ?' O) R: T7 z
11.5.2CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingC55xIntrinsics4991 v# V: H% K- F. ?6 L! Y" Q# B% y g
11.5.3MATLABImplementationofFormantPerceptualWeightingFilter5049 {0 z \* e! l
11.5.4ImplementationofPerceptualWeightingFilterUsingC55xIntrinsics5061 @, S6 b( R6 D+ t H! r
References 5076 E7 |) Q: V' N/ [* k8 b5 L) A: h' X
Exercises 508
7 k8 x- e2 s! `# z& B- Z+ O# W12SpeechEnhancementTechniques 5093 n$ L# X; q1 m& u2 Y* S. q2 y
12.1IntroductiontoNoiseReductionTechniques509
6 v. a& l4 T' {* ?- d12.2SpectralSubtractionTechniques5100 C6 |2 G! G# e( ]; k2 ~5 e
12.2.1Short-TimeSpectrumEstimation511& C' j4 S7 k4 z }) d
12.2.2MagnitudeSubtraction511, e$ k1 H3 x0 `0 t* Z8 s: j
12.3VoiceActivityDetection513: C. ]) l8 [& N" r- {6 Y
12.4ImplementationConsiderations5153 ^- J& s. n! M# i) D
12.4.1SpectralAveraging5155 X5 u. E" U% E) x) O2 T
12.4.2Half-WaveRectification515( ?/ t* u* a+ ]7 {
12.4.3ResidualNoiseReduction516
7 F8 k5 Y; U3 b12.5CombinationofAcousticEchoCancelationwithNR516) x$ r5 y& \& y& F) \
12.6VoiceEnhancementandAutomaticLevelControl518
5 ?0 t/ e8 ~: Q, t12.6.1VoiceEnhancementDevices5186 `9 g( I( t: d: `: }% n' z# g O' S
12.6.2AutomaticLevelControl519) g5 H+ w% K7 S' v) m
12.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples519
# `- ^ C3 b, S4 b12.7.1VoiceActivityDetection5195 k4 A1 {, }( `+ i/ J- w3 |
12.7.2MATLABImplementationofNRAlgorithm522
4 U1 G7 F% G R+ A3 d12.7.3Floating-PointCImplementationofNR522
& \. D4 v# j! y6 \% k; H2 c12.7.4MixedC55xAssemblyandIntrinsicsImplementationsofVAD522+ |, }9 H! b( k
12.7.5CombiningAECwithNR5267 m- M9 z, h. a5 w+ [) S/ V
References 529
4 Q S. _8 G% SExercises 529CONTENTS xiii* k$ J7 E0 M$ ~; N9 s' L: |
13AudioSignalProcessing 531
* \4 k; S% K. J0 g ]- ]13.1Introduction531
" \$ J: d6 L9 _" [% ^$ X( s" y" a13.2BasicPrinciplesofAudioCoding5311 ~7 w4 l S0 _6 |! w8 w
13.2.1Auditory-MaskingEffectsforPerceptualCoding533& S! U3 `$ P* q$ F: H, U' m. Q
13.2.2Frequency-DomainCoding536
' M3 c# k* k# d, h) e13.2.3LosslessAudioCoding538
; ]# r5 B1 H4 j! X9 f' D. R6 l13.3MultichannelAudioCoding539; X- x" @+ j/ e* x+ e, W$ Q, d/ K4 R
13.3.1MP3540
9 e2 ?2 t4 V1 Y. \! I( x- v13.3.2DolbyAC-3541( g9 m5 |4 u7 {' Y1 N: b6 O
13.3.3MPEG-2AAC542( ~- B2 C2 y1 D- y
13.4ConnectivityProcessing544# x; u; c( |5 o1 m, m% D/ A7 n
13.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples544
! j7 x- k' u. h& m) C# S13.5.1Floating-PointImplementationofMDCT544: T, d' B# C& k7 h8 k/ J
13.5.2ImplementationofMDCTUsingC55xIntrinsics547
& a( v" S s' q% @13.5.3ExperimentsofPreechoEffects549
; [$ ?2 d0 G: M3 x3 A5 b# E13.5.4Floating-PointCImplementationofMP3Decoding549
3 n9 g6 Y, t* @2 f! pReferences 553
0 j5 n, }. g" X7 l' GExercises 553
* ] `, w6 f' Y$ n7 b14ChannelCodingTechniques 555
5 i9 I4 Z2 x8 ~2 w) u ~14.1Introduction555: z- l" I& S9 i1 T4 p# f- j% R. {" S
14.2BlockCodes556
+ J8 [. w& U$ s' o( R7 f14.2.1Reed–SolomonCodes558
- o' O; R( v/ @8 V- Z14.2.2ApplicationsofReed–SolomonCodes562
3 L1 {+ b. l2 R$ j+ P. t14.2.3CyclicRedundantCodes5633 |) i$ D' X. v1 H9 U7 a9 O
14.3ConvolutionalCodes564. j- j: `7 \) _
14.3.1ConvolutionalEncoding564
; g1 B7 C& n3 g1 E; b' X; |! ^14.3.2ViterbiDecoding564
* s, K% m. N* s, I, [" x14.3.3ApplicationsofViterbiDecoding566
% \4 P, ^% L; r; I- N, l6 B14.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples569
* y. Q7 c; ]6 x% |14.4.1Reed–SolomonCodingUsingMATALB569' H+ I8 q& K# }3 e+ V3 H5 M' Q" V
14.4.2Reed–SolomonCodingUsingSimulink570
7 [/ X8 w5 H9 O" J" B14.4.3VerificationofRS(255,239)GenerationPolynomial571
- l t. N" a9 P, _14.4.4ConvolutionalCodes572
5 d0 r- }' ?( l9 a" `3 e! K14.4.5ImplementationofConvolutionalCodesUsingC573/ i' h* R" m8 [3 E9 f. i' \7 s
14.4.6ImplementationofCRC-32575' r C3 g+ q6 }- u$ K1 A2 F
References 576
1 T* X F& t& J' n) CExercises 577
^) V' J5 N. k7 c, }15IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing 579
9 g9 w3 X: Y' f9 E) @% [$ e1 f1 E15.1DigitalImagesandSystems579
' F) d6 W+ V9 R- R: p) t( C! @15.1.1DigitalImages579
6 v8 A9 \, d7 f+ t15.1.2DigitalImageSystems580
! }- s9 Z# P3 p' L' ]6 G15.2RGBColorSpacesandColorFilterArrayInterpolation581+ p& Y% \" o% Z# H0 h1 y! q1 O
15.3ColorSpaces584
$ _+ Y. s0 i5 `! y! ^8 m15.3.1YCbCr andYUVColorSpaces584/ ?+ X7 x( n1 k- ? }% q8 n$ B2 }
15.3.2CYMKColorSpace585xiv CONTENTS
( o# y5 M3 B/ t1 f0 t3 ~15.3.3YIQColorSpace5855 x0 W& J' U, i0 i" |/ G9 B! E7 I
15.3.4HSVColorSpace585( s u! K4 I. e! |$ h7 V" ~
15.4YCbCr SubsampledColorSpaces586
$ c& y6 p6 I, s7 N15.5ColorBalanceandCorrection586( _$ W( d' |8 f) {
15.5.1ColorBalance5876 S) p; B8 g ^* N! r
15.5.2ColorAdjustment588
1 R& {- e5 E _# o15.5.3GammaCorrection589
( _2 ]" Y6 T; H15.6ImageHistogram590
$ i3 h6 t6 m( Y" ]15.7ImageFiltering591' h2 Q5 {+ `. A. r) W. Y9 F
15.8ImageFilteringUsingFastConvolution596
% q1 A& ^1 K' j4 r8 D: u' P15.9PracticalApplications5973 O4 K% a* c0 _
15.9.1JPEGStandard597
2 j, F7 V. _. H7 I15.9.22-DDiscreteCosineTransform599
/ \. p) F- T+ \# ?8 o- y. V5 F15.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples6012 C3 O/ \) d0 A/ `, p
15.10.1YCbCr toRGBConversion601
, z/ Y- A1 r6 y) r15.10.2UsingCCSLinkwithDSKandSimulator604" @. }8 D- J2 R5 [ U
15.10.3WhiteBalance607
$ S8 `0 R' x* { y/ r @) h0 p15.10.4GammaCorrectionandContrastAdjustment610
% K' b9 J7 }% \( c# g( L+ p& `. r15.10.5HistogramandHistogramEqualization611
8 q- n* A6 N" ]& X: h$ @15.10.62-DImageFiltering6139 E9 c+ ?( `9 K. A# C
15.10.7ImplementationofDCTandIDCT617( Z; d+ b7 P/ i& Z" D; r6 W. R
15.10.8TMS320C55xImageAcceleratorforDCTandIDCT621
: e5 L) U7 \4 w M- p5 |15.10.9TMS320C55xHardwareAcceleratorImage/VideoProcessingLibrary623
9 N/ I8 m7 ] Z! z7 V* W" W* lReferences 625
D# z. G+ Y r+ YExercises 625 |
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