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1 Introduction y0 h1 \7 X! _0 I3 M$ Z$ f
1.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 1
0 v* a) C* G& u& d1.2 Overview............................................................................................................... 1$ B9 a( V. v# n1 e; Y' R
1.2.1 Advantages of DSP..................................................................................... 2
8 J3 G( f+ n" `1 b4 V; C1.2.2 Reconfigurable Hardware Advantages ................................................... 2" ~" g! i, F4 [; k# e
1.3 Organization of Thesis ........................................................................................ 38 b3 C& f* Y7 B7 }
2 Programmable Logic Devices
0 B4 ^ ?; Z4 `. [- }/ v4 j2.1 History of Programmable Logic ......................................................................... 4
# r: a* E. p3 S; Q% C" `) N* n2.2 FPGA Architecture................................................................................................ 6% | i0 `3 I! \$ H/ ~6 |, ?
2.3 Device Configuration ........................................................................................... 9+ x; E |# O6 [
2.3.1 Schematic Design Entry .............................................................................. 9
2 b- q/ |$ \7 z" F1 K2.3.2 Hardware Description Languages ............................................................11 K6 g/ p1 u6 `& ]# L& P7 n' e
2.3.3 High‐Level Languages ................................................................................11
6 \# p% U* L8 n5 x) {; ?8 `2.4 Current Trends ......................................................................................................12
) N6 Z) d+ w7 w* b. ~9 C3 Adaptive Filter Overview) Y2 n9 _8 [1 ~# r f, J
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13
! }5 Y1 s# C/ z; }3.2 Adaptive Filtering Problem................................................................................ 14
/ {# T7 h0 X$ {% a. G! d) s$ c- F3.3 Applications.......................................................................................................... 15) t& V9 G4 d5 M$ k1 f
3.4 Adaptive Algorithms........................................................................................... 16
; U$ {: h$ ~. ~$ M0 c& ^ |3.4.1 Wiener Filters............................................................................................... 17
9 T. K2 c3 }' X3.4.2 Method of Steepest Descent ...................................................................... 19
, k. U6 F: q& P3.4.3 Least Mean Square Algorithm .................................................................. 20
* O& d: y$ W9 y. J6 O9 G' L3.4.4 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm ......................................................... 21
9 W4 a: j/ p+ t" o8 q' R. q1 O4 ^" b4 FPGA Implementation" J. j2 Y/ X5 Y- j f
4.1 FPGA Realization Issues ..................................................................................... 23% i# x; w! R8 @0 d' A! E: z/ }
4.2 Finite Precision Effects ........................................................................................ 248 D- X' R/ j/ }8 o
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5 C. S" _( c& `' ?4.2.1 Scale Factor Adjustment............................................................................. 24% z( }$ o6 B+ F2 o8 Q/ B6 ~; \
4.2.2 Training Algorithm Modification............................................................. 27
+ l1 t) A# x, b4 _4.3 Loadable Coefficient Filter Taps........................................................................ 314 ^/ k4 K$ B+ ]7 r# {4 k
4.3.1 Computed Partial Products Multiplication............................................. 314 X0 E& {, i/ C& Y
4.3.2 Embedded Multipliers ............................................................................... 348 p4 d5 b2 P N
4.3.3 Tap Implementation Results ..................................................................... 34
3 I6 m. R, Y h! Y0 h4.4 Embedded Microprocessor Utilization............................................................. 37- I4 t1 U- H- I* N. n3 H
4.4.1 IBM PowerPC 405 ....................................................................................... 373 e! M5 z2 C6 t
4.4.2 Embedded Development Kit..................................................................... 38* _% ^. r7 V/ C) C0 {9 g
4.4.3 Xilinx Processor Soft IP .............................................................................. 381 n* K' a% X" j3 c
4.4.3.1 User IP Cores ................................................................................... 39
$ g6 ~# Z' W" E+ K8 C4.4.4 Adaptive Filter IP Core .............................................................................. 41
& O0 _, M0 S7 N- h, i+ G8 E5 Results8 `" M7 {3 Q0 Y9 }6 [" k& T
5.1 Methods Used....................................................................................................... 429 X4 d1 w: A3 ]1 D. m N2 B
5.2 Algorithm Analyses............................................................................................. 44
& r+ h& d5 V0 }! U7 ~" k5.2.1 Full Precision Analysis............................................................................... 445 c: {/ P+ s! i
5.2.2 Fixed‐Point Analysis................................................................................... 46) ]7 \% R4 O; h7 a3 t. v/ \1 b6 {
5.3 Hardware Verification......................................................................................... 48
* @* t) ^$ ~/ V5.4 Power Consumption............................................................................................ 49
# p7 ? a- e& p7 v$ q) S0 o5.5 Bandwidth Considerations................................................................................. 506 g$ n# o8 Z3 L: s9 H
6 Conclusions# c; ^( M4 B8 N1 q A. {! u4 e
6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 524 [4 f# I0 h6 g: r* X
6.2 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 53) x( J2 U4 l1 a- W* M; ?8 Q
Appendix A Matlab Code........................................................................................... 551 c; C! e" T- V
Appendix B VHDL Code............................................................................................ 59
: u8 T$ Q4 S, C0 ^& B7 b$ @Appendix C C Code .................................................................................................... 75( k9 p1 j4 C2 J) b5 d
Appendix D Device Synthesis Results ................................................................... 80' F2 v7 [" O( h9 D
References ..................................................................................................................... 83, C( N, ~) y& f2 Q" v% [
Biographical Sketch .................................................................................................... 86
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