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1IntroductiontoReal-TimeDigitalSignalProcessing 1) ?- z6 Y0 w8 T
1.1BasicElementsofReal-TimeDSPSystems2
( G7 j, x4 h7 \# ], g- R3 a: O1.2AnalogInteRFace3
( m8 e! t( \. @5 p9 P6 T1.2.1Sampling3% T; o" Z$ j; W9 t
1.2.2QuantizationandEncoding7
6 ~* F9 ?- F% n2 b, X" D1.2.3SmoothingFilters8
* g* |" [9 L1 r, B6 K1.2.4DataConverters9) }9 B2 s& N, p8 d3 r2 D9 M# \
1.3DSPHardware10
5 O2 R' n+ _3 t0 s7 @, g1.3.1DSPHardwareOptions104 Y( W4 U" _' q9 _9 }5 B
1.3.2DSPProcessors13
# Y( j& U+ v4 D+ v( k/ {$ ]9 ]1.3.3Fixed-andFloating-PointProcessors15
, l! K. y$ i& N/ A1.3.4Real-TimeConstraints16- R5 @; O, q! [0 E2 ~
1.4DSPSystemDesign17
" h' g" j: k! M1 R$ f1.4.1AlgorithmDevelopment188 j' F. X2 ^; j. |4 }3 }0 i
1.4.2SelectionofDSPProcessors19
( u# L: H K+ n! B- h, \: V- ^: Q# [. s1.4.3SoftwareDevelopment20- `4 Q$ g' m! R: }9 A
1.4.4High-LevelSoftwareDevelopmentTools21( y$ i0 Z# Y% n1 A6 [2 {/ I6 E
1.5IntroductiontoDSPDevelopmentTools22
' u( ^6 p# U6 H F" E4 p3 ]1.5.1CCompiler22; C$ h b/ M- z; j
1.5.2Assembler23
# V$ p6 E9 u0 z* n6 W4 G1.5.3Linker24
* e! L; W; S! M: {. Z1.5.4OtherDevelopmentTools257 f9 S6 P7 w2 ^
1.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples254 x0 F8 |( Q3 \) ?) v! H
1.6.1ExperimentsofUsingCCSandDSK26
% Q* z( E+ m5 k. T1.6.2DebuggingProgramUsingCCSandDSK29, z. q/ Y" r9 @: m9 F8 B; @
1.6.3FileI/OUsingProbePoint32* R! r' x8 Q4 Z! B. {# Q% e8 t. y
1.6.4FileI/OUsingCFileSystemFunctions357 E( c, z# o& g. ?8 ~( c# a7 S) u
1.6.5CodeEfficiencyAnalysisUsingProfiler37
, f+ _5 u3 ^ {1 z1.6.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSK39+ y( R+ X/ T5 g
1.6.7SamplingTheory42
1 S* E, `$ g3 m. P1.6.8QuantizationinADCs44* k. I1 J$ S( S+ |3 y! Z
References 451 m M$ Q+ M2 H8 |% O9 K
Exercises 45vi CONTENTS9 x+ D! b# c8 Q; [, E& h9 t8 z
2IntroductiontoTMS320C55xDigitalSignalProcessor 497 U0 w5 {/ T2 _; v9 z8 j$ D: L
2.1Introduction492 y0 G: w0 S! ^
2.2TMS320C55xArchitecture50
, H4 ?! L/ Q. ~6 R3 B- B2.2.1ArchitectureOverview50
+ E6 {( d$ i$ k# ?. y: l- s% S2.2.2Buses532 ?0 l) M$ ~% e6 ?% i! B
2.2.3On-ChipMemories53
* B9 C) V0 @/ M# H7 M( {7 A2.2.4Memory-MappedRegisters55
" Q& E& e& w% l! G: D% k2.2.5InterruptsandInterruptVector55/ ]3 P* U. \) V& J: e, S
2.3TMS320C55xPeripherals58
8 X+ K! n" ?6 b1 W8 F% F2.3.1ExternalMemoryInterface60
, P& `$ s8 \. M& p' T3 p& W2.3.2DirectMemoryAccess60
" i, \, t+ s* k- v2 ~: M2.3.3EnhancedHost-PortInterface61- e2 [0 v9 H$ r. \' O; J
2.3.4Multi-ChannelBufferedSerialPorts62
1 i' O% W# G8 s4 E2.3.5ClockGeneratorandTimers65
7 W0 l! |7 H. [3 ^2.3.6GeneralPurposeInput/OutputPort65& N$ }- q l8 P; k* C
2.4TMS320C55xAddressingModes65& W0 ~0 y/ R$ Q0 A" @) p, w- d$ d
2.4.1DirectAddressingModes669 m* [% Y3 K) {' D4 E
2.4.2IndirectAddressingModes68' |$ F/ S/ }* U- Q
2.4.3AbsoluteAddressingModes70
/ o, V1 S J8 E% P& X& G' y; ?2.4.4Memory-MappedRegisterAddressingMode70& B3 P6 Z, E" @/ q. F4 L
2.4.5RegisterBitsAddressingMode71
( N9 K- z) R5 ~* |! U O2.4.6CircularAddressingMode72, C: i: y5 P* ]" ~* A c5 N
2.5PipelineandParallelism732 v' k0 [( l1 X* F" h
2.5.1TMS320C55xPipeline73* L, e/ Q3 \& d2 {6 j0 m
2.5.2ParallelExecution74. E' j, m. l. H6 B0 V4 E
2.6TMS320C55xInstructionSet76
9 f6 t/ R" `8 q% | X2.6.1ArithmeticInstructions768 S3 U) ?! _6 H+ @& I
2.6.2LogicandBitManipulationInstructions77
9 ~& @9 l5 m" G: ?7 M2.6.3MoveInstruction78
4 B- A J% @$ N: v: Q9 J% g7 D2.6.4ProgramFlowControlInstructions78. Q; j/ @% g7 I: i( X% @; Q, v
2.7TMS320C55xAssemblyLanguageProgramming823 K: h3 j+ m; Q" @: r8 r1 O- q
2.7.1AssemblyDirectives82) a- z1 i# T7 `1 `* S# v; D; L0 @
2.7.2AssemblyStatementSyntax84
3 p! v/ Z% N( Z7 o( @* p2.8CLanguageProgrammingforTMS320C55x86
( B* m) y' G- ^: J; O) @8 u" F2.8.1DataTypes86: C7 L+ J% G6 H. G2 r
2.8.2AssemblyCodeGenerationbyCCompiler87
9 p/ t. [! B I& I/ d2.8.3CompilerKeywordsandPragmaDirectives89
3 L' T/ W# f- ]4 n4 r; D. _) k2.9MixedC-and-AssemblyLanguageProgramming90
" F4 b I. S6 w# x, r) }2.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples93
5 I/ S. e" ]" B6 u6 R$ V9 P. j2.10.1InterfacingCwithAssemblyCode93
) f- P9 F- q6 k* P4 M4 h( ?2.10.2AddressingModesUsingAssemblyProgramming946 M W) W4 u! o) o" F7 J6 ~" `. N
2.10.3Phase-LockedLoopandTimers976 r6 _: x4 q+ l2 ~# E# y7 ]1 R
2.10.4EMIFConfigurationforUsingSDRAM103
$ z7 b* L7 |1 G% Z" \2.10.5ProgrammingFlashMemoryDevices105% s9 k. j: O$ [3 X2 {. r, E) y7 H
2.10.6UsingMcBSP106
2 d9 I: r1 Q( `9 m& G2.10.7AIC23Configurations109. m0 j7 R* H/ {+ N2 B% g
2.10.8DirectMemoryAccess111
4 B. J. S5 L T# L' bReferences 115
9 Y. S8 N D0 J. fExercises 115CONTENTS vii
+ t4 x: e" B7 Z3DSPFundamentalsandImplementation2 G/ X. H& ~% F' h) }2 G ^
Considerations 121% G4 [! t" L5 d- S8 @
3.1DigitalSignalsandSystems121% d0 g0 v# Q+ _6 N/ P; z, ^' r/ z
3.1.1ElementaryDigitalSignals121( a r- `9 I, J9 B4 f+ q/ h* Y
3.1.2BlockDiagramRepresentationofDigitalSystems123
8 ~3 x8 s h& p* t0 S7 \2 @3.2SystEMConcepts1265 R8 |8 a3 y) v2 P
3.2.1LinearTime-InvariantSystems126
7 Y: Z9 i* J) ?& J; _* s3.2.2The z-Transform130
9 m' \$ ^ s. J0 H. ~3.2.3TransferFunctions132! h( M& G& S* O6 x( z
3.2.4PolesandZeros135
; q" j e) C, `3.2.5FrequencyResponses1382 `. `; v) ~2 L4 \2 u8 a3 o% q
3.2.6DiscreteFourierTransform141
) I5 ?7 G( ]; K! |8 Z' Q& g9 a3.3IntroductiontoRandomVariables142" I) H* q# c6 N
3.3.1ReviewofRandomVariables142: b3 A+ T- d! ]+ l) n. @" X
3.3.2OperationsofRandomVariables144( q4 J/ Q0 c: z4 n/ Y# T' Q
3.4Fixed-PointRepresentationsandQuantizationEffects1477 {! a+ Z7 A5 i/ W. I
3.4.1Fixed-PointFormats147( l1 O/ F* r' u
3.4.2QuantizationErrors151( @3 j6 ^+ ]6 b& r
3.4.3SignalQuantization151
- i. p: }6 q: h, v3.4.4CoefficientQuantization153/ z$ A4 v( s% z
3.4.5RoundoffNoise153( Q1 K" M7 d5 A% }1 j
3.4.6Fixed-PointToolbox154; ^! m. B( U1 W# u( G# c
3.5OverflowandSolutions157# H5 J& v7 s9 v
3.5.1SaturationArithmetic157
0 d# q" `7 r6 ~ ` w7 w3.5.2OverflowHandling158
3 R; v0 X: S* z0 c* ]1 G- N3.5.3ScalingofSignals158
% F( w+ G* k& d3.5.4GuardBits159
* D3 x# u. D j2 N' Z5 L3.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples159
. ]* J$ k4 U6 j* ]( X5 f* Z3.6.1QuantizationofSinusoidalSignals160
' f1 L3 _1 n1 {: |' }3 N0 P3.6.2QuantizationofAudioSignals161
) v4 d1 M" b0 p3 S3.6.3QuantizationofCoefficients162
- }: Y% A8 L* m6 {: \% N% a3.6.4OverflowandSaturationArithmetic164
: f+ E f5 G' i l8 Z5 x8 x3.6.5FunctionApproximations167# D* ]3 T; q! _# K$ q; K
3.6.6Real-TimeDigitalSignalGenerationUsingDSK175. g, `5 \% z. }! [, z
References 180
L0 x. f% J- I" @0 n/ Y1 DExercises 180( H+ b$ Q r( w8 G
4DesignandImplementationofFIRFilters 185# a1 q- r; d5 f9 ~$ O$ Y
4.1IntroductiontoFIRFilters1855 U' K3 ^6 Q3 j
4.1.1FilterCharacteristics1856 I* S1 V1 O9 M
4.1.2FilterTypes187( `3 c) E0 C' M' z& Q2 U+ ^# Z7 B
4.1.3FilterSpecifications189
! P1 h6 N& m: m/ L# T7 F4.1.4Linear-PhaseFIRFilters191. D# f+ _9 C) h
4.1.5RealizationofFIRFilters194
( E, j; Y2 E" o' `2 h9 U4.2DesignofFIRFilters1962 B; o. [3 W! G: U( R6 s
4.2.1FourierSeriesMethod197. |8 ~# M9 Z( p, q$ a
4.2.2GibbsPhenomenon1987 C6 O) D+ D+ e$ R3 Y0 c
4.2.3WindowFunctions201viii CONTENTS
3 c& D* I& p$ P& ]. ^( p1 O7 Q0 p4.2.4DesignofFIRFiltersUsingMATLAB206! j: v/ S$ ?: f4 {; n* c
4.2.5DesignofFIRFiltersUsingFDATool207
) g% W& O. V' o/ d4.3ImplementationConsiderations213/ A6 i% k T6 w& W
4.3.1QuantizationEffectsinFIRFilters213, L" C8 _* {6 n1 o& m
4.3.2MATLABImplementations216
# W, d7 F( ?$ A7 p. y4.3.3Floating-PointCImplementations218& ]6 G7 c6 b9 j2 g: g6 ]/ g B9 S
4.3.4Fixed-PointCImplementations2195 A/ o& I2 y% m* Z7 r! v' S
4.4Applications:InterpolationandDecimationFilters220$ `/ _( Y+ D+ _0 e3 P. S# @ |) \
4.4.1Interpolation220
7 t0 G0 ^. L( U$ q* s4.4.2Decimation2219 j& e8 g! A' t `
4.4.3Sampling-RateConversion221" A# y, K7 F& f0 e/ d
4.4.4MATLABImplementations224
$ _3 |7 F x0 i4.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples225: d S( |. U0 r0 f7 w
4.5.1ImplementationofFIRFiltersUsingFixed-PointC226
5 H! J- Z$ h {4.5.2ImplementationofFIRFilterUsingC55xAssembly6 {) [* ?! Z* p" n3 e8 e6 c8 m
Language226& n4 E5 T7 j$ y. d2 z/ @5 M- o
4.5.3OptimizationforSymmetricFIRFilters228- l/ T) U7 j' N! {3 P4 L% b8 p
4.5.4OptimizationUsingDualMACArchitecture230
$ h2 x! }4 Z5 T& d+ D4.5.5ImplementationofDecimation2322 a- J$ R: \2 N( E
4.5.6ImplementationofInterpolation233' E) ^5 n" X v1 r
4.5.7SampleRateConversion234
; }9 Q8 W7 W" w' o4.5.8Real-TimeSampleRateConversionUsing i H* W8 p+ r; }; j$ c+ G
DSP/BIOSandDSK235
! J' U$ v: I3 Q! } G) CReferences 245
, g2 F$ z* w1 y. S4 @Exercises 245
& h# B+ X; \* a/ {. V! A5DesignandImplementationofIIRFilters 249# [7 y& E7 r, Q5 W, Y
5.1Introduction249' K) O4 `: i$ _2 e+ f
5.1.1AnalogSystems249
" `+ o* i% x, W8 s0 M5.1.2MappingProperties2518 P5 g$ B% w, e9 y# g% |
5.1.3CharacteristicsofAnalogFilters252
' N; ?! ~$ K" X$ _( t6 j5.1.4FrequencyTransforms254
& O2 X+ z7 ]- ?7 c/ c5.2DesignofIIRFilters255
- e/ l S& N1 S5.2.1BilinearTransform256
8 g) s) V7 x7 s( x5.2.2FilterDesignUsingBilinearTransform257
3 E( q9 E- q4 a& @5.3RealizationofIIRFilters258
. H# K" d* m% K; [5.3.1DirectForms258
0 M" N! [% X/ b5.3.2CascadeForms260: f, y5 E/ f4 t7 j/ F1 L, e
5.3.3ParallelForms262
6 Z f/ l% m, {8 ^$ w! F* ^) u5.3.4RealizationofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB263
2 @, b" u& }$ P* Z9 t6 v5.4DesignofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB2646 o" U6 l. \/ B" r/ d6 F' x
5.4.1FilterDesignUsingMATLAB264; ^ P; l" D$ {$ \: ~- Z0 i% @5 M! D
5.4.2FrequencyTransformsUsingMATLAB2677 L, \; G: c9 _& C6 q
5.4.3DesignandRealizationUsingFDATool2689 X' b! m: T* p! R, x
5.5ImplementationConsiderations2719 B% A( ?5 w+ w ?' {/ R B
5.5.1Stability271. z4 P- n s, I
5.5.2Finite-PrecisionEffectsandSolutions273
# H8 D, k: T. F* u @3 F8 @) U) A5.5.3MATLABImplementations275CONTENTS ix
: W7 b' T5 T, I1 U H. l/ B: U5.6PracticalApplications279
8 `0 ~3 t5 K. \' }9 ]$ Y5.6.1RecursiveResonators279% Z7 ^/ x) Q/ ]
5.6.2RecursiveQuadratureOscillators282
4 U g! s+ j/ a+ j. s6 }1 P5.6.3ParametricEqualizers284( R5 w! d& Q' e, `8 n
5.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples285
/ F Q. F2 I8 Z' D( g5.7.1Floating-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter2850 d( S8 D* \8 V. y% V2 u+ t
5.7.2Fixed-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter2864 O" q; [* Z. @ `+ L; f
5.7.3Fixed-PointDirect-FormIICascadeIIRFilter287
( N* c- E! e# \2 L5.7.4ImplementationUsingDSPIntrinsics2895 G/ A4 I2 _, A* E4 }$ p
5.7.5ImplementationUsingAssemblyLanguage290, N# G& ^; w, o- k/ A6 R4 s
5.7.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSP/BIOS293# F" N- [# X0 M5 e7 r
5.7.7ImplementationofParametricEqualizer296" q8 O3 |* I2 N4 ^% N5 ?
5.7.8Real-TimeTwo-BandEqualizerUsingDSP/BIOS297
, n3 S$ e+ l; u+ kReferences 2998 O# G: d, V# }' e+ }% H
Exercises 299* ?9 J1 G6 E! o0 j8 w4 e( C; u# y: ]# q
6FrequencyAnalysisandFastFourierTransform 303
6 J! q" J3 k2 L6.1FourierSeriesandTransform303
. g" U* D. e' x; G- r6.1.1FourierSeries303
( t& P- O. G2 Z! l4 K6.1.2FourierTransform304
K3 T1 U7 F7 O4 H! B0 t/ s, _8 q; B6.2DiscreteFourierTransform305% a& Y; O0 g" ?) N7 t! E
6.2.1Discrete-TimeFourierTransform305
6 z; s2 z% ?. M# O6.2.2DiscreteFourierTransform307
3 h/ \: A; i( X* t: B) F6.2.3ImportantProperties310# b# Y& q0 G% J% f# t
6.3FastFourierTransforms313
8 A: Q' `0 _9 N# K* d% m) n- y6.3.1Decimation-in-Time314
. g- c) |' G- a: e9 a6 ]6.3.2Decimation-in-Frequency316; V# c7 n; r, ^; t6 r7 n8 }
6.3.3InverseFastFourierTransform317
" }6 O' r* Q( o8 r5 B6.4ImplementationConsiderations317- s$ F4 a/ g! X$ c/ R
6.4.1ComputationalIssues317$ E( H& L) u% N7 R# _' _$ u" y
6.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects318
. g$ o! |. a$ P- i6.4.3MATLABImplementations318
1 f }4 U' @+ ?3 p6 I& H' B6.4.4Fixed-PointImplementationUsingMATLAB320! L* H7 j0 C' }: b! p
6.5PracticalApplications322& F( T1 |: h/ B! q& N0 j) M
6.5.1SpectralAnalysis3221 P( s5 t, P) c8 ?/ U
6.5.2SpectralLeakageandResolution3234 Z* Y4 q( G6 j o; W
6.5.3PowerSpectrumDensity3252 W+ m! w$ L( E4 \; Z9 i
6.5.4FastConvolution3280 ^5 l4 W5 |# v- b ]! |; d! b# F
6.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples3324 i& g4 g; |9 P; F h
6.6.1Floating-PointCImplementationofDFT332, V# p+ e0 q+ I& R( z$ D3 A
6.6.2C55xAssemblyImplementationofDFT332
' h( {" [0 n+ R6.6.3Floating-PointCImplementationofFFT336
' m o6 K; o$ I3 w1 L6.6.4C55xIntrinsicsImplementationofFFT338; ]3 T2 t( S! _; @7 M
6.6.5AssemblyImplementationofFFTandInverseFFT339 V0 V7 h; ~! E9 n
6.6.6ImplementationofFastConvolution343# ~8 \2 k6 `# r3 z
6.6.7Real-TimeFFTUsingDSP/BIOS3458 T4 h. ?$ G4 \( j/ @7 v
6.6.8Real-TimeFastConvolution347
7 k. d$ P/ d; ]References 347
- M+ n/ I, M1 y; c {Exercises 348x CONTENTS
1 h q1 q: g4 ?, `. Y7AdaptiveFiltering 351
* z/ J0 x! \/ C9 |* Q5 J" B. ~7 {7.1IntroductiontoRandomProcesses351) e! {3 p! G, G/ d
7.2AdaptiveFilters354) [; N9 |. G: \. W! j& { o! G5 N
7.2.1IntroductiontoAdaptiveFiltering354& u$ U0 x, y, b" r" P6 }
7.2.2PerformanceFunction355
9 [- C' E8 r( {( \; J7.2.3MethodofSteepestDescent358
" H) D. X! R- D- r) O) m+ @- o+ S7.2.4TheLMSAlgorithm360
* p+ q2 Y+ e5 N: Z4 V0 y7.2.5ModifiedLMSAlgorithms361" \9 ^* ?: B; ?$ l& |1 d
7.3PerformanceAnalysis362
& h) |- W3 N! a7.3.1StabilityConstraint362
9 ~7 o1 H5 Q1 d ^( A. Y% [7.3.2ConvergenceSpeed363
* d# G7 K$ K+ }+ J7.3.3ExcessMean-SquareError3633 ]! `% G+ K) }
7.3.4NormalizedLMSAlgorithm364
% F) A$ c J' c; |7.4ImplementationConsiderations364
5 x" J0 Q: c. l3 f4 p. R7.4.1ComputationalIssues365
6 t4 k. }7 a: e5 G* a0 I5 V7.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects365
- M8 K" I# z% q2 [+ b" t) `3 K1 T7.4.3MATLABImplementations3661 u8 B) U( @, H. ]" ?2 ~- d
7.5PracticalApplications368* s1 [3 K0 k4 q' U. _9 D
7.5.1AdaptiveSystemIdentification3683 j' k2 i9 `3 s5 T" y
7.5.2AdaptiveLinearPrediction3698 v7 e6 y! T1 r+ m: c( Z
7.5.3AdaptiveNoiseCancelation372
1 j: S- E2 n2 P6 ^/ m3 e; [7.5.4AdaptiveNotchFilters374
0 a" F5 v. {# v6 b6 @" x, Z1 p* Q7.5.5AdaptiveChannelEqualization375' _% I0 _% J7 c& |. `% @( n
7.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples377* E/ u, o4 X) y3 L- X
7.6.1Floating-PointCImplementation377( }% r' y& e( ]2 u, t
7.6.2Fixed-PointCImplementationofLeakyLMSAlgorithm379% o1 V7 e T% m" X9 a, k4 W0 g1 J" f
7.6.3ETSIImplementationofNLMSAlgorithm380
* Y% h4 a7 J O0 J7.6.4AssemblyLanguageImplementationofDelayedLMSAlgorithm383* \1 z/ c; S& h
7.6.5AdaptiveSystemIdentification387
! K) T9 L( e: T1 b7.6.6AdaptivePredictionandNoiseCancelation388# @& x1 Z8 R/ n& l/ n
7.6.7AdaptiveChannelEqualizer392# g% Y% q- K; U! e& y
7.6.8Real-TimeAdaptiveLineEnhancerUsingDSK3945 S5 l+ ?' d# Z1 J" r F
References 396
$ ^" |4 [5 M# r8 m& U; J% HExercises 3979 j o# N7 i5 `: v$ y
8DigitalSignalGenerators 401
# l; w- t2 z" O" r% o8.1SinewaveGenerators4015 y5 k1 l9 x% i* L. e6 f7 Z; a
8.1.1Lookup-TableMethod401
7 h" m6 \4 h) o4 P; v2 w) J8.1.2LinearChirpSignal404, T7 X; Y4 b Y- U
8.2NoiseGenerators405) R, H9 r9 n0 _6 @2 ^5 f! U
8.2.1LinearCongruentialSequenceGenerator405
- s/ y$ k r5 F3 p5 [8.2.2Pseudo-RandomBinarySequenceGenerator407: n) v( f. P) ?
8.3PracticalApplications409
) L) d* m3 ?- D7 b2 x; M& c. S5 ~8.3.1SirenGenerators409
. p# f$ ?9 E3 d2 i( w% c8.3.2WhiteGaussianNoise409; S3 s4 l6 {9 `( W( ]0 ^
8.3.3Dual-ToneMultifrequencyToneGenerator4103 G$ W, o. R- T# k/ k
8.3.4ComfortNoiseinVoiceCommunicationSystems411- \9 n8 J& j' L [/ A
8.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples412' Y& _9 z. r5 ^% Z [
8.4.1SinewaveGeneratorUsingC5510DSK412 P0 P2 B2 I4 B" {! j: D6 d
8.4.2WhiteNoiseGeneratorUsingC5510DSK413CONTENTS xi3 q: R9 K0 L5 q6 O) q o8 g
8.4.3WailSirenGeneratorUsingC5510DSK414
s6 @& j4 j! H8 z5 \5 R8.4.4DTMFGeneratorUsingC5510DSK415
9 g& J; A z* y( J c6 k8.4.5DTMFGeneratorUsingMATLABGraphicalUserInterface416
? Q- H6 n" b* P! AReferences 418
, {) J* f) @! E! [/ ^/ K$ JExercises 4186 g; ]7 j. T1 p) w
9Dual-ToneMultifrequencyDetection 421$ p9 S0 h9 m6 O( G! S: l2 Y
9.1Introduction421
% m4 l# x! ^9 w. V. C9.2DTMFToneDetection422
1 e4 l5 i3 q# g# n4 C. H9 F7 a9.2.1DTMFDecodeSpecifications4220 E/ a, U0 _+ N5 `9 P; d5 }
9.2.2GoertzelAlgorithm423
0 s, ]1 K- b/ D$ q/ s; p1 s9.2.3OtherDTMFDetectionMethods426
& \# _- a2 N/ G/ \9.2.4ImplementationConsiderations428
3 C3 C' a. W/ z L w7 w* Y/ |9.3InternetApplicationIssuesandSolutions4317 L, E3 R+ |! Z1 x: i
9.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples432
3 O7 ~+ |4 h" i( H! I0 A/ ~) z7 J9.4.1ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingFixed-PointC432
. x0 V6 m W( X- `. K" o9.4.2ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingC55x
7 m! \0 B0 V1 E; V) B% P! M7 sAssemblyLanguage434* p% ]: _9 I8 n
9.4.3DTMFDetectionUsingC5510DSK4353 v$ ^1 K, B1 |9 V/ n0 Q( ^
9.4.4DTMFDetectionUsingAll-PoleModeling439
5 N; F5 g. Q E+ i' z) yReferences 441
. R" h' l% d5 A. V1 }Exercises 442
) D. F5 n/ ~# b8 \; N10AdaptiveEchoCancelation 443) ~) y# O* G d4 K* m0 S' `
10.1IntroductiontoLineEchoes443
: Z: w9 |& f# W10.2AdaptiveEchoCanceler444# o' n' R0 l) ?5 ~9 k' n$ R
10.2.1PrinciplesofAdaptiveEchoCancelation4455 l3 {0 \2 o" y* e% k
10.2.2PerformanceEvaluation4466 p3 I& H, w! q4 Y1 B; H |0 ~
10.3PracticalConsiderations447
3 _$ O' ]7 d( N( s6 Q* q10.3.1PrewhiteningofSignals447
( c4 V- U; \' [) F2 E' O5 C' l10.3.2DelayDetection448
! E U2 K, j. H' o# E a! I( o! s10.4Double-TalkEffectsandSolutions450
7 e) S" }8 o' C5 E8 W1 Y! v10.5NonlinearProcessor453. b$ n9 m1 m P8 } g! q
10.5.1CenterClipper4534 E# d, O( c! N3 c: t
10.5.2ComfortNoise453
' |/ t. ^, g3 Y5 C$ P0 T, k B10.6AcousticEchoCancelation454/ h( M. ~, Z# y8 F1 v+ w9 ]
10.6.1AcousticEchoes454; ]2 J) x3 l8 Z8 Z% d. c& N
10.6.2AcousticEchoCanceler456- O# J; f: z( P
10.6.3SubbandImplementations457
0 S1 E! T9 N8 b m10.6.4Delay-FreeStructures459
2 G, [ a& p7 \5 H10.6.5ImplementationConsiderations459
' n" K# u8 W0 ]10.6.6TestingStandards460
! }4 Y/ _- |" q6 J4 {6 \! o8 G3 q10.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples461/ r1 \5 V, b+ U1 _" r- u: ^: l
10.7.1MATLABImplementationofAEC461
3 h P' z" m( s7 `8 ?10.7.2AcousticEchoCancelationUsingFloating-PointC464
2 O: Z% J3 Y( [5 ?; F4 T4 d10.7.3AcousticEchoCancelerUsingC55xIntrinsics468: x' I7 f% }: ~. X- R' h
10.7.4ExperimentofDelayEstimation469
+ h# k: g9 B6 n; \References 472- k3 M/ [1 s+ ]: f x
Exercises 472xii CONTENTS
: |7 ?/ F3 j, N0 M+ J11Speech-CodingTechniques 475
, q/ j4 t- J5 E! _11.1IntroductiontoSpeech-Coding475
+ V0 b. I1 `2 o5 e6 Z11.2OverviewofCELPVocoders476
) J/ G( |1 J: u; K! g, _2 l' ]7 v+ Y) X11.2.1SynthesisFilter477; y5 Z& j+ X0 z" {2 _4 Y
11.2.2Long-TermPredictionFilter481' J; m; X5 ~0 E2 M3 x
11.2.3PerceptualBasedMinimizationProcedure481
8 q8 O: N- j8 {1 } T+ }1 ?11.2.4ExcitationSignal482% b8 }: ?& `: i$ d5 a7 ~
11.2.5AlgebraicCELP483
) b; ~- c' m/ N11.3OverviewofSomePopularCODECs484
/ H, ^4 Q1 C: I7 Y! m, N11.3.1OverviewofG.723.1484
0 T: a6 P) C- m$ V& |6 R11.3.2OverviewofG.729488: C0 r& ~% [$ `7 c' Z# w4 l' m
11.3.3OverviewofGSMAMR490( W* ~( v9 A$ ]' U- [
11.4VoiceoverInternetProtocolApplications492
. L; `- m- z7 h11.4.1OverviewofVoIP4920 K- E" D+ @6 E& Q& x7 Q. B' c, \
11.4.2Real-TimeTransportProtocolandPayloadType493
: O; N! g$ T5 N) K11.4.3ExampleofPackingG.729496' f6 F$ z) W$ G
11.4.4RTPDataAnalysisUsingEtherealTrace496, W. a; G) B6 @ x6 u, L h' M
11.4.5FactorsAffectingtheOverallVoiceQuality497
# w! \- U( J$ \& Z# D& g11.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples4973 S# y) [. H8 C w9 D
11.5.1CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingFloating-PointC497
0 N- n3 F& H, l: P. _11.5.2CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingC55xIntrinsics499) c3 {' i; k* g9 v5 [ `
11.5.3MATLABImplementationofFormantPerceptualWeightingFilter504
. p$ r( Q% @/ s& f1 r% S11.5.4ImplementationofPerceptualWeightingFilterUsingC55xIntrinsics506: L! g. M' f! q$ N% |% M
References 5077 O" C8 Y8 f, i( w
Exercises 508
$ `6 K& l2 k! H( l4 N12SpeechEnhancementTechniques 509
8 M) l9 j0 S0 s' C: F( W0 @$ M12.1IntroductiontoNoiseReductionTechniques509
) q6 m9 ]. Y8 b! p; _- T% Z7 _6 i& Y12.2SpectralSubtractionTechniques510* q+ Q. K# d; P
12.2.1Short-TimeSpectrumEstimation511
% o) G, Z8 r$ p9 W- }1 h12.2.2MagnitudeSubtraction511. z! x+ l5 p# f7 _1 N8 z
12.3VoiceActivityDetection5134 P' o7 A( w* g9 Y) d
12.4ImplementationConsiderations515
& S# K2 N9 E* | g6 F: G12.4.1SpectralAveraging515
4 ~/ e( X; d. G' N% ]1 Z/ M( y, _ M12.4.2Half-WaveRectification515
# j/ Q! T: I. k: I12.4.3ResidualNoiseReduction516
$ _2 P0 W/ L' e- E' x9 K0 K* r12.5CombinationofAcousticEchoCancelationwithNR516
5 Q% h9 {% ~8 T3 S' |12.6VoiceEnhancementandAutomaticLevelControl518
. k! [: \4 _" p, l6 H12.6.1VoiceEnhancementDevices5187 W0 H0 Y' i' G: a
12.6.2AutomaticLevelControl5191 C9 M0 N# a/ s) u1 |6 d+ s
12.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples519
1 i. q& c$ J* g. K8 b& w12.7.1VoiceActivityDetection519
1 j% R( m m% S7 F, O4 s+ R4 n12.7.2MATLABImplementationofNRAlgorithm522
p$ |$ b+ X* e12.7.3Floating-PointCImplementationofNR522' p/ o6 f& F5 |0 \% l) H; X% k
12.7.4MixedC55xAssemblyandIntrinsicsImplementationsofVAD522" M/ R2 @5 c, n
12.7.5CombiningAECwithNR526( f% G6 _$ Y& V; `: D3 A6 X; w
References 5292 Z: i( G( K" m- }4 O
Exercises 529CONTENTS xiii" _% s/ M; m7 ?9 l' b
13AudioSignalProcessing 531# |- t. O) a" s% }8 f$ b$ v
13.1Introduction531! O( h3 G' [& T7 w3 V
13.2BasicPrinciplesofAudioCoding5311 j' l! [* N( T# p4 D
13.2.1Auditory-MaskingEffectsforPerceptualCoding533% o# G; Q6 O9 ?) R$ N/ [' q3 X% D' C
13.2.2Frequency-DomainCoding536
; I( A! ^4 c0 W! u$ a4 B0 L4 k13.2.3LosslessAudioCoding538
s! G. V1 M& `; }0 k R13.3MultichannelAudioCoding539 P ~/ e1 k# T% u* F+ Q" c
13.3.1MP35407 z- b8 o: g, h" \3 n: ^
13.3.2DolbyAC-35411 J) a: h' B# I5 _5 J& C
13.3.3MPEG-2AAC542
- d# C, w5 x. U% t8 U13.4ConnectivityProcessing5441 s& k& ^( ~/ R: P6 ?
13.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples544& U1 Z. D. e6 u7 l
13.5.1Floating-PointImplementationofMDCT5443 i3 O% a# p: u
13.5.2ImplementationofMDCTUsingC55xIntrinsics547
) K4 |8 O" i2 n; Z+ P13.5.3ExperimentsofPreechoEffects549$ I4 O( E5 S2 `/ y) [% Z
13.5.4Floating-PointCImplementationofMP3Decoding549
8 X0 m" H5 ?5 g4 oReferences 553
( S1 G: u# n* \/ {/ e- a* _Exercises 553
2 d! p G/ ^: G8 a% V; r( T2 I& \14ChannelCodingTechniques 555
9 U# d) v# o+ R L: h14.1Introduction555) w/ J. H0 ?( `; m1 l& ?0 x9 k
14.2BlockCodes556
4 ^/ O- \2 g8 {. C# J7 {14.2.1Reed–SolomonCodes558
' c6 b b) U" P/ P' g0 ^. z14.2.2ApplicationsofReed–SolomonCodes562# T1 J% W2 n6 w/ v8 G
14.2.3CyclicRedundantCodes563
0 E; P8 A; g) [8 L14.3ConvolutionalCodes564: _4 L$ `1 R4 P
14.3.1ConvolutionalEncoding564
. t5 e4 \1 T0 ^3 x: g/ l4 ~- z$ Z14.3.2ViterbiDecoding564% A0 U' t7 V+ b! N$ }
14.3.3ApplicationsofViterbiDecoding566* O2 V% |% {- C/ q3 t
14.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples569, A- m# q& r0 S# d! Q' c
14.4.1Reed–SolomonCodingUsingMATALB569
! h# C1 S, o7 V14.4.2Reed–SolomonCodingUsingSimulink570* Q; @% ~! F1 s& w4 z' M1 T4 Y
14.4.3VerificationofRS(255,239)GenerationPolynomial5718 s5 r% O- F8 ^- I8 e
14.4.4ConvolutionalCodes572+ q' W3 x' z, p5 {1 E, C, `
14.4.5ImplementationofConvolutionalCodesUsingC573
7 H& U& V7 }& p2 q# m! h14.4.6ImplementationofCRC-325752 ^- o, B" I5 o$ T: p$ W
References 576
1 |3 Q" Z0 H! b( q5 tExercises 577
" ~% M7 |( L" |- @' g( m! ]- F' y15IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing 579. }* p& S+ {4 x+ q2 O
15.1DigitalImagesandSystems579
, ?" \, h2 j- e( K7 @& g15.1.1DigitalImages579
9 z5 k$ v% I$ z6 Q _; P T2 q15.1.2DigitalImageSystems580
% Z% k" {6 S9 o- i) v9 B15.2RGBColorSpacesandColorFilterArrayInterpolation581
" S% w) ~7 I% i9 N! H) E! V3 F15.3ColorSpaces584+ D, v/ J1 T: ~6 r' r) A+ A
15.3.1YCbCr andYUVColorSpaces584/ s0 T0 X, \* ]% g
15.3.2CYMKColorSpace585xiv CONTENTS, X# m; C& R8 t" ]% @
15.3.3YIQColorSpace585- y$ r* K( v! V. B
15.3.4HSVColorSpace5851 @5 Z, y9 }* z8 I
15.4YCbCr SubsampledColorSpaces586; J) n4 D# e9 G
15.5ColorBalanceandCorrection586
* l$ [4 X# D3 L15.5.1ColorBalance587
; U( I. X& Z4 G- T15.5.2ColorAdjustment5881 L* z+ Y4 A6 z5 H6 d$ I
15.5.3GammaCorrection589& E; z0 z& [0 \9 V @
15.6ImageHistogram590
( _0 |! n& Y) n6 k. N! Y. V3 G. |1 S15.7ImageFiltering591( W& V$ e( I( K x
15.8ImageFilteringUsingFastConvolution596* X+ C% W& M) f( x) ]! S& f! f
15.9PracticalApplications597& C y3 F% q( U2 H- @
15.9.1JPEGStandard597) {9 m& g9 X$ e9 u" v' t7 k8 [/ V
15.9.22-DDiscreteCosineTransform5992 f. y+ p m1 A; T/ P# ?; k6 J
15.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples601% E- h# }! y" p" T1 { \3 m( E8 l
15.10.1YCbCr toRGBConversion601
1 @2 N9 j! M& G15.10.2UsingCCSLinkwithDSKandSimulator604
5 ^! N1 Z$ q D& @3 s# E15.10.3WhiteBalance607
" L, R( x( {4 v# C15.10.4GammaCorrectionandContrastAdjustment610% a) D( P, M) b5 b P
15.10.5HistogramandHistogramEqualization611* Y- b# K' w/ C6 x: p" S" @
15.10.62-DImageFiltering6130 M7 u; \8 E6 X4 Q4 v
15.10.7ImplementationofDCTandIDCT6177 c6 R: u! w9 g
15.10.8TMS320C55xImageAcceleratorforDCTandIDCT6215 h% c/ s. e- Z4 r8 m4 w
15.10.9TMS320C55xHardwareAcceleratorImage/VideoProcessingLibrary623" F3 P5 Q1 H2 N, ^+ Z: e) D g
References 6252 q0 e* ] t9 W: U1 L
Exercises 625 |
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