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1 Introduction! z& W8 G e9 I7 r
1.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 1) K6 f& k d& |% j% I; y
1.2 Overview............................................................................................................... 1
* o' |' Z8 G1 r1.2.1 Advantages of DSP..................................................................................... 2
7 m7 H8 ~$ L: `( `9 _2 W1.2.2 Reconfigurable Hardware Advantages ................................................... 2* `4 r# e" `+ W( {0 z
1.3 Organization of Thesis ........................................................................................ 3
. x5 g5 C; x8 I3 p: L2 Programmable Logic Devices. X5 V4 u* C6 \& ?) @3 b
2.1 History of Programmable Logic ......................................................................... 48 f9 G# C+ x d: H
2.2 FPGA Architecture................................................................................................ 6
' H5 C9 L( t) L8 i/ ^" c2 n2.3 Device Configuration ........................................................................................... 9
4 B9 N- q/ T4 \, ^2.3.1 Schematic Design Entry .............................................................................. 9
9 \4 J+ C& a i8 ?2.3.2 Hardware Description Languages ............................................................111 l: T# t# h8 O$ P
2.3.3 High‐Level Languages ................................................................................11
/ O9 J' ]7 X5 a1 c+ n1 H7 n2.4 Current Trends ......................................................................................................12
; C e) V, E; L. e3 Adaptive Filter Overview0 C; L, q5 @" m: p" d/ F& p
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 131 T" |3 F. y& S) W- }8 r
3.2 Adaptive Filtering Problem................................................................................ 14 g, J' E' b5 f2 z3 u
3.3 Applications.......................................................................................................... 153 U8 h- ?3 G D
3.4 Adaptive Algorithms........................................................................................... 167 b+ {& E' O; m% N1 x
3.4.1 Wiener Filters............................................................................................... 17
( K. w! G, m4 @: m% _+ J3.4.2 Method of Steepest Descent ...................................................................... 19
* c7 v7 N- M2 x7 a4 ?' l/ z3.4.3 Least Mean Square Algorithm .................................................................. 20
- u* j8 J9 e* [/ R+ m3.4.4 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm ......................................................... 21$ m3 K. c- a4 ^
4 FPGA Implementation/ ~0 i y7 H) y q
4.1 FPGA Realization Issues ..................................................................................... 23
4 \$ s% g( c; o. t" d3 I- S4.2 Finite Precision Effects ........................................................................................ 24- _8 I+ Q1 }! i) J/ a- E/ V# [1 B
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G* P% D4 N% |1 ]4.2.1 Scale Factor Adjustment............................................................................. 24
5 e# B+ q: G8 m3 q8 p* n4.2.2 Training Algorithm Modification............................................................. 27! V) d2 R7 I- a% n7 N: ?# t. S9 `
4.3 Loadable Coefficient Filter Taps........................................................................ 31$ V Y7 f8 c# h0 @; m K
4.3.1 Computed Partial Products Multiplication............................................. 31. d1 q3 y$ }; X: ^# I9 X; f
4.3.2 Embedded Multipliers ............................................................................... 34: }: t* l) y: E4 Z8 k+ R7 }
4.3.3 Tap Implementation Results ..................................................................... 34
% x( a) N! j9 D4.4 Embedded Microprocessor Utilization............................................................. 37 r: u( F4 o* z7 \; x
4.4.1 IBM PowerPC 405 ....................................................................................... 37
+ J6 k6 ~" ?7 [: O3 v% i% d$ G4.4.2 Embedded Development Kit..................................................................... 38
' s7 C: g: u. J9 w4.4.3 Xilinx Processor Soft IP .............................................................................. 38
7 a' z! V% W0 @, f% ~: Z9 U4.4.3.1 User IP Cores ................................................................................... 399 b4 M, ?8 ^- m
4.4.4 Adaptive Filter IP Core .............................................................................. 413 q* q1 s' W) E5 @9 V) ?" ^
5 Results
6 W3 |; K! E2 c& Y5.1 Methods Used....................................................................................................... 42
+ K) c* I" ~: j! K5.2 Algorithm Analyses............................................................................................. 44
; N' `6 x% ?) q& Z5.2.1 Full Precision Analysis............................................................................... 44
9 s. S1 i+ m' Z: `0 @) G, I5.2.2 Fixed‐Point Analysis................................................................................... 46
# y3 {4 E# @& @$ N3 C1 I( b5.3 Hardware Verification......................................................................................... 484 f' A( j: w7 E
5.4 Power Consumption............................................................................................ 493 D; [6 N* t- q* G
5.5 Bandwidth Considerations................................................................................. 503 B" V! s) J0 O
6 Conclusions
! K4 n7 D4 ]/ ], y9 \6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 528 z5 ~$ q Q1 a
6.2 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 532 p2 p* s1 }* d6 H! o/ F) n
Appendix A Matlab Code........................................................................................... 55* L+ c' `, [( c& n, t8 v: C
Appendix B VHDL Code............................................................................................ 59
( K1 S3 X3 M7 ^( i/ P) u% wAppendix C C Code .................................................................................................... 75
`" Q% z( [+ H4 h2 g8 H. p3 VAppendix D Device Synthesis Results ................................................................... 80; i" C" a) E2 {( R7 M
References ..................................................................................................................... 834 n( w0 C% X; `' g+ r6 M5 x
Biographical Sketch .................................................................................................... 86
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