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1 Introduction
9 Y( c+ E4 y" o5 _" a9 g1.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 1. @! p& W3 @- w1 I7 I! o
1.2 Overview............................................................................................................... 1% u/ r8 O. ~8 D' y% [9 e
1.2.1 Advantages of DSP..................................................................................... 2) l7 r+ K8 D; S% }" J
1.2.2 Reconfigurable Hardware Advantages ................................................... 2
- x- z( M. y% |; L1.3 Organization of Thesis ........................................................................................ 3
5 I+ s. D# i0 c0 g: w3 o/ G" ?2 Programmable Logic Devices# H7 |) e8 B# _" r) ^
2.1 History of Programmable Logic ......................................................................... 4% a* ?7 _7 {& Y) u
2.2 FPGA Architecture................................................................................................ 61 D( i8 I9 ?% G' _) T% }* {
2.3 Device Configuration ........................................................................................... 96 z4 z9 n* E3 z0 V" x
2.3.1 Schematic Design Entry .............................................................................. 97 ?8 _ { ] Z8 g
2.3.2 Hardware Description Languages ............................................................11% A7 N, C% J4 O$ b
2.3.3 High‐Level Languages ................................................................................11
* v& @% P1 e2 q4 z9 X" ?2 G& W2.4 Current Trends ......................................................................................................12
5 F2 U- e/ w8 p" C& s2 [% D0 e3 Adaptive Filter Overview& ` V$ P2 Q5 h; \* d
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13
' m9 \" e2 ]0 U3.2 Adaptive Filtering Problem................................................................................ 14+ ^1 A/ i: J( a* E3 X* d' U( i: z
3.3 Applications.......................................................................................................... 15
* [2 M- q; K+ ^3.4 Adaptive Algorithms........................................................................................... 16
, a7 ~- t0 @7 |7 T! l+ ~3.4.1 Wiener Filters............................................................................................... 170 c5 \! W+ t6 h' M7 z7 g
3.4.2 Method of Steepest Descent ...................................................................... 19
$ v5 p& t" C1 |2 p3.4.3 Least Mean Square Algorithm .................................................................. 20% N% V, W; m# n! q1 N6 {
3.4.4 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm ......................................................... 21
* P- ^4 r# H$ j( G: J5 Q4 FPGA Implementation
# S0 f+ y0 t7 l, {2 X4.1 FPGA Realization Issues ..................................................................................... 23" q* f. i8 d, F+ h7 ]
4.2 Finite Precision Effects ........................................................................................ 24
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4.2.1 Scale Factor Adjustment............................................................................. 24
6 e u( x$ A2 u6 k1 d) T4.2.2 Training Algorithm Modification............................................................. 27
. j3 f+ Z/ t2 r9 }$ d0 n" A4.3 Loadable Coefficient Filter Taps........................................................................ 31
q- _7 R1 i1 X% ]0 l6 D4.3.1 Computed Partial Products Multiplication............................................. 31 P/ X9 m. K' T# q9 p4 k) P
4.3.2 Embedded Multipliers ............................................................................... 34
- i4 ?% B1 O* a$ I5 a4 ~0 }0 J4.3.3 Tap Implementation Results ..................................................................... 34
! P- w1 J k) s v0 }6 ?* ?( ^4.4 Embedded Microprocessor Utilization............................................................. 37
5 Q; S b+ u, Q) @7 g4.4.1 IBM PowerPC 405 ....................................................................................... 37
; S4 u- K3 l, J7 q' y4.4.2 Embedded Development Kit..................................................................... 38* ^1 z G/ E0 x2 {
4.4.3 Xilinx Processor Soft IP .............................................................................. 38
2 a1 Q$ k' W5 s6 s$ v) G, f4 A( z4.4.3.1 User IP Cores ................................................................................... 39& q$ B3 t, I. g' l: q
4.4.4 Adaptive Filter IP Core .............................................................................. 41
" z: d6 } p8 ~# ]5 L/ \5 Results/ b# t2 o U d z
5.1 Methods Used....................................................................................................... 42* J0 [1 ?6 H6 T
5.2 Algorithm Analyses............................................................................................. 44/ a- P! ~& V8 ], E5 G2 B
5.2.1 Full Precision Analysis............................................................................... 448 G1 o. ~# m8 E- C6 I
5.2.2 Fixed‐Point Analysis................................................................................... 46* s' x: f+ @% V: d
5.3 Hardware Verification......................................................................................... 48
" I! S" p; \( v2 i+ f' o5.4 Power Consumption............................................................................................ 49- Z1 \- u4 E) ?' R; t
5.5 Bandwidth Considerations................................................................................. 508 { R. ?6 x& ?$ I; a; C
6 Conclusions; e! M$ [8 S7 ~4 |
6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 52
5 V+ n/ m T. J6.2 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 53
* F2 k, c! w; [& i: N. QAppendix A Matlab Code........................................................................................... 55
4 W$ r% r% G& U4 D9 y: dAppendix B VHDL Code............................................................................................ 59, K; {! E! [9 G' W" {, `
Appendix C C Code .................................................................................................... 751 E7 G$ d% V0 Q) [# ^& H
Appendix D Device Synthesis Results ................................................................... 80
0 d$ R- l& j5 N$ Q; FReferences ..................................................................................................................... 83: O) e* [( e/ Y
Biographical Sketch .................................................................................................... 86. K/ O- ^" h1 r( m7 J5 F
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