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Preface page xi
$ g9 U. M/ x* ^. a7 m0 } m1 Introduction 1. a |; t5 ?$ k* E6 |/ g6 d
1.1 Background 1$ P7 u) x- J% C
1.2 Applications overview 8
, O8 u! K: y. w4 I1.2.1 Transmit optical links 8& r" I2 y2 b' I1 J9 H
1.2.2 Distribution optical links 90 S& z8 I* T3 {" \# X6 Q
1.2.3 Receive optical links 11
+ Z2 {' K+ ?6 Z$ P1.3 Optical fibers 12
: F+ Q4 _: G: M. X: ~. HReferences 17; Q6 Q: P4 \# l. Y5 e
2 Link components and their small-signal electro-optic models 19% P! ~1 [/ v/ s7 I6 q+ X$ V
2.1 Introduction 19) H6 L$ f' u# [3 T6 z, I# @" q9 A
2.1.1 Notation 20
O! g% w( p$ [1 V6 b8 v& ?2.2 Modulation devices 20+ H5 U+ w# Y+ C% d9 N6 O- c% i
2.2.1 Direct modulation 208 u/ E. z- X/ h* Q& @
2.2.2 External modulation 34
* v/ r/ m z9 {& {/ ]1 l% Z+ r$ z2.3 Photodetectors 49
. o& ]) _0 K9 ~) u& KAppendix 2.1 Steady state (dc) rate equation model for# U$ o: ~7 Y3 |1 C. ~
diode lasers 54
: \+ |1 T( ]# b) R$ \Appendix 2.2 Absorption coefficient of an electro-absorption
9 O$ m; @; X2 x5 W _) G+ \modulator 630 L* T% G) ^4 D0 S
References 63+ r( w2 ]( e2 u4 ~) R: e: u
3 Low frequency, short length link models 694 U( p1 e0 h, V. J, u ?
3.1 Introduction 69
8 l1 J4 g" s, h3.2 Small-signal intrinsic gain 70
5 m8 g/ z! \4 r2 I; _9 V: [7 t0 U3.2.1 Direct modulation 72
+ e; \ W" x5 C; R4 C7 H3.2.2 External modulation 745 w; R+ _7 x- v6 _% ]
3.3 Scaling of intrinsic gain 75
. f- J9 x C# @, `# Z$ Lvii" J! H |( o7 B' b+ n; f
viii Contents5 N' r/ G6 U5 L! K' I1 d0 Z
3.3.1 Optical power 753 c; M# x% {; Q7 m q6 X2 [
3.3.2 Wavelength 79
0 s* _& s9 @& M4 {3.3.3 Modulation slope efficiency and photodetector
9 s# Y6 E# E8 m- Kresponsivity 81
B0 c( _5 i. x8 q. `3.4 Large signal intrinsic gain 82
9 Y9 M2 U( c8 {# {Appendix 3.1 External modulation links and the Manley–Rowe. A, v0 j- c2 h6 B) a
equations 87) R0 K: q( g- T+ b
References 88
! k1 H2 @" J2 }! x2 b4 Frequency response of links 91. I4 s; I. ?0 Y
4.1 Introduction 91
4 L% j1 e' q% n" C& ^% F: p4.2 Frequency response of modulation and photodetection devices 93
& V1 }4 c P- E7 ?1 l4.2.1 Diode lasers 93
! }1 x3 E0 Z& }# z9 O) ^& I- f4.2.2 External modulators 98
- K! j0 Q( K) x) B7 a0 O4.2.3 Photodetectors 105; A, `1 v. M5 g, a$ }) X
4.3 Passive impedance matching to modulation and photodetection0 S& y, j+ u% Z( H5 ]+ y \
devices 110% g/ k' a- S P
4.3.1 PIN photodiode 112
& }% l7 N( R1 J* F# U4.3.2 Diode laser 117$ K$ J( K+ O1 ?! C
4.3.3 Mach–Zehnder modulator 129! r+ T% K( x: b
4.4 Bode–Fano limit 138
: A* k6 P7 G" Z4 [4 l" C4.4.1 Lossy impedance matching 139$ _* I1 i2 S. e+ ~6 l2 i$ q% X
4.4.2 Lossless impedance matching 142
7 R9 m5 c4 D+ U& t2 g' `0 u- D9 w4 W4 ]Appendix 4.1 Small signal modulation rate equation model for
6 [, Y; P' m, V9 ]* c+ E3 Rdiode lasers 152 j1 C2 |+ @. {4 G" o3 i* S
References 156
# X0 k$ I" g5 z. W8 c5 Noise in links 1595 c x7 t, \: k6 x
5.1 Introduction 159; Q) x* Q: w. }2 ^1 q2 [, w
5.2 Noise models and measures 1607 P3 d' ~9 T# ]2 ?8 a( {5 ?
5.2.1 Noise sources 160
T3 c( a6 N, k/ A5.2.2 Noise figure 167
$ F& e- ]/ N( A, d- A6 k- l- u5.3 Link model with noise sources 1686 F5 h- Z3 ~' Z9 k/ `( |2 y
5.3.1 General link noise model 168$ \" M! }( n- B0 [
5.3.2 RIN-dominated link 169
5 P) n1 r X6 I, \: G1 H' n5.3.3 Shot-noise-dominated link 173" ^! \6 v' K7 V' w6 p. G5 Z3 K
5.4 Scaling of noise figure 178% l" ]1 T p4 H" p3 `# b
5.4.1 Impedance matching 179
* T! b# O- ?5 k6 U9 _0 r1 d% w5.4.2 Device slope efficiency 1809 e; B% d2 s& @! T: p: G7 v
5.4.3 Average optical power 182/ M. _( W5 h4 n4 V) q
5.5 Limits on noise figure 185, f) }' \, L& [& r, i1 E
5.5.1 Lossless passive match limit 185. U9 F, i1 d/ B" B- u- J8 N
Contents ix
7 }* _* v$ Q" I7 I! k6 E* g5.5.2 Passive attenuation limit 187; e, m7 e: T# R4 R; s/ i" D8 D; u3 F
5.5.3 General passive match limit 189
. D0 Q) p" C7 a) v! K, VAppendix 5.1 Minimum noise figure of active and passive networks 196; Y* h! r( o- _
References 199) Y5 K+ q9 G) I
6 Distortion in links 201' G5 J" M3 C( e% R! a; h
6.1 Introduction 201! j) }* J8 I4 ]" ^* d0 n( R
6.2 Distortion models and measures 202. l( Z5 L7 d: e6 n( h i
6.2.1 Power series distortion model 202
8 K2 k$ ~! L6 [' w+ ~% V) W6.2.2 Measures of distortion 205
8 t# H! o: B" x# j7 G; l. Y6 ?( T6.3 Distortion of common electro-optic devices 217$ t& e. s' m$ h9 h4 Y
6.3.1 Diode laser 217
5 G+ I8 ]+ B' R3 }$ x# f: Z6.3.2 Mach–Zehnder modulator 222
% n0 X) V/ V. M2 \0 K7 a1 K5 X; J6.3.3 Directional coupler modulator 225 g* }2 L& n. C! n2 G, h
6.3.4 Electro-absorption modulator 227
" Y. W* x- V% M+ |8 e0 I8 N% p6.3.5 Photodiode 228, R- k- K7 ~+ p, c+ H
6.4 Methods for reducing distortion 232* a: M4 L7 y# ]4 l. s' `2 i+ `
6.4.1 Primarily electronic methods 233) d5 }! x( G. Y! y# v' m
6.4.2 Primarily optical methods 240
6 D& B+ d8 t% O# D. B$ t$ zAppendix 6.1 Non-linear distortion rate equation model for0 H6 u+ C0 E6 Q6 F0 c- ] C" N
diode lasers 249
& o3 z' N+ n$ D& l) i e/ qReferences 259
: a% S1 |- ^) r+ q9 P9 M7 Link design tradeoffs 2632 Q/ c2 I: i H4 D. S% q m! Z
7.1 Introduction 263: \& u5 O" i' K9 {4 r6 z
7.2 Tradeoffs among intrinsic link parameters 2633 ~% q9 m7 [+ b: z1 t. \
7.2.1 Direct modulation 263
# z* q8 n! B- C' J7.2.2 External modulation 268* f% a& I, M, |9 n% [
7.2.3 SNR vs. noise limits and tradeoffs 273. @0 G9 f2 X9 \3 d
7.3 Tradeoffs between intrinsic link and link with amplifiers 277. \: s: c- S: y: p. L( H3 ?3 I) }
7.3.1 Amplifiers and link gain 277
$ c! L* @) N- O5 \* L7.3.2 Amplifiers and link frequency response 278/ p- ?) g% N& v& ^
7.3.3 Amplifiers and link noise figure 2784 S9 P' }4 E. H
7.3.4 Amplifiers and link IM-free dynamic range 279, G k# g6 J4 W
References 284
: ^ b1 S: P8 [) O2 pIndex 285 |
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