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Preface page xi
9 k( K6 u9 Z# N3 b1 Introduction 1' y: O L; G6 {7 e. D q8 K4 ^ t
1.1 Background 11 N: _4 A* e( P! g2 E6 @3 j2 R
1.2 Applications overview 8
0 Q+ p3 l8 P g1 S& _: E1.2.1 Transmit optical links 8
. J# E! ^7 Q+ N* K1.2.2 Distribution optical links 9
t! J4 C8 k6 r5 q! w/ n, w1.2.3 Receive optical links 11: j7 y1 @7 `4 x7 C0 ?1 ^
1.3 Optical fibers 12- ^9 ^1 P/ u. |+ o: ^# J+ U
References 17
& u" i" v( q; h# e. S0 G% E2 Link components and their small-signal electro-optic models 19
& z$ Q2 }7 z4 F+ z2 _2.1 Introduction 194 |0 F% c+ }) P+ S J
2.1.1 Notation 20
) @ m9 }# C- _* B! r2.2 Modulation devices 20$ B }7 E! X3 R6 n, f5 ?6 M1 @
2.2.1 Direct modulation 20
! B, E! S# b9 Q4 n2.2.2 External modulation 349 D0 _3 b, l! z( P
2.3 Photodetectors 49# V& n, l- k) u8 F
Appendix 2.1 Steady state (dc) rate equation model for6 }7 u0 Y! T; t; Y8 ]& `% ~
diode lasers 54
9 o. |1 v! l7 l+ KAppendix 2.2 Absorption coefficient of an electro-absorption
6 Z/ C! U8 b9 j( i' z6 w6 }modulator 63- \0 `) ^% G0 [" n
References 632 ]" I9 E3 b" U- n" g) c5 V0 Y+ N
3 Low frequency, short length link models 69' {, r( S- h4 D6 G ]
3.1 Introduction 69' ^! B1 I, X, X3 Q3 T( Y
3.2 Small-signal intrinsic gain 70
6 m+ _- N) o3 x6 ^3.2.1 Direct modulation 72. ?* `; t; e& m& O" h) F/ }
3.2.2 External modulation 74! o! U6 h' f" m( T0 n
3.3 Scaling of intrinsic gain 75# [! T1 @6 c% C4 G& l+ P
vii
1 s+ w9 V- ?" F. |* pviii Contents
% L$ @: O6 ^, U0 F; ?3.3.1 Optical power 75
6 H) a9 N) K8 k3.3.2 Wavelength 79& A/ J/ a! Z, v# d# W' r
3.3.3 Modulation slope efficiency and photodetector
* T. `7 g) @6 X: X% s( ^responsivity 81# f; I j. d s% D" d4 a
3.4 Large signal intrinsic gain 82
; [" a% Q5 E3 n% KAppendix 3.1 External modulation links and the Manley–Rowe
- F9 I* W ^9 W7 u6 X9 i& h3 wequations 874 E5 x. l( _9 \# s! s$ a) `
References 88
+ B% K+ `; s: a1 Y4 a4 Frequency response of links 91
- g5 h$ ^- }6 V# k4 d4.1 Introduction 91$ Q8 @7 J1 B+ t) t1 x; z
4.2 Frequency response of modulation and photodetection devices 93
, h4 g% R& m* O+ Y4.2.1 Diode lasers 93
6 p- V2 p% R+ K# f6 A& @; n4.2.2 External modulators 980 u& p$ s. ?( V/ A5 N! T
4.2.3 Photodetectors 1057 `. L' L* z5 A4 [: H
4.3 Passive impedance matching to modulation and photodetection
( {0 v r8 j1 _% L0 m3 idevices 110
3 \5 l) Q3 @: r4.3.1 PIN photodiode 112
& F/ A# i: `0 a$ M9 o& x4.3.2 Diode laser 1176 I& h- T" k- v7 _: v+ ]
4.3.3 Mach–Zehnder modulator 129* k/ f% t/ u+ ]+ H# J7 r I% B
4.4 Bode–Fano limit 138
- k2 p+ K2 F2 P$ k; O6 P0 \4.4.1 Lossy impedance matching 139
. H8 `$ d4 G/ g+ e C4.4.2 Lossless impedance matching 142
; m( Z$ L/ U! s! }( B }4 QAppendix 4.1 Small signal modulation rate equation model for
& h! h" B7 x9 P r( Z' H7 J9 vdiode lasers 152' ]4 l" S. y3 g. i
References 156
4 n+ I+ I6 ~- Y b1 Y& D6 @5 Noise in links 159$ D: N0 \8 [, |/ }3 i" t
5.1 Introduction 159( L4 @7 W7 E2 j
5.2 Noise models and measures 1605 K/ X$ p; t( Z4 f) s2 K; W8 M V" V
5.2.1 Noise sources 160 W1 G; k- ?7 K5 d( O+ |
5.2.2 Noise figure 1675 e& Y9 b% J$ z" \2 a x6 O
5.3 Link model with noise sources 168
, `$ r q: A- N/ ~5.3.1 General link noise model 168" ^8 {. Y" X/ ?; j" i) Y
5.3.2 RIN-dominated link 169
& C; R. z p/ Z$ q6 F3 q+ s5.3.3 Shot-noise-dominated link 173
& }5 s/ o3 y( O2 {7 r5.4 Scaling of noise figure 178
5 W0 Q" n/ G: L1 d1 H5.4.1 Impedance matching 179
7 ]7 y" S! p; i9 I o) x1 r5.4.2 Device slope efficiency 180/ j( r3 ^. o3 C7 p1 i4 t, F
5.4.3 Average optical power 182. G$ V! r" W5 Z r; J* N/ Y
5.5 Limits on noise figure 185
) V w: k% w! o4 a, p5.5.1 Lossless passive match limit 185
: t; u9 f, u: {) V( Z* p6 QContents ix
2 R% m, G" ^ o' Y7 {0 l5.5.2 Passive attenuation limit 187/ w! ?3 o+ w# W2 H; a
5.5.3 General passive match limit 189
& b4 H9 q+ X- @; D( P0 ZAppendix 5.1 Minimum noise figure of active and passive networks 196
+ |& G" N! D: {9 d$ }2 d sReferences 1991 |7 C, J+ |0 N
6 Distortion in links 201
4 U7 D) B% R6 x( k, k/ U7 ~6.1 Introduction 201
$ R# t% u- G1 T, ~$ L6.2 Distortion models and measures 202& f# \" C& p& ?; ~4 i3 v3 Z
6.2.1 Power series distortion model 202 e3 g( r f B5 H3 N
6.2.2 Measures of distortion 205! D# b6 t; H) g% q
6.3 Distortion of common electro-optic devices 217
! C$ x! e. c5 x) A6.3.1 Diode laser 217
+ c& y' M* q0 H3 c" D6.3.2 Mach–Zehnder modulator 222& E6 Z# w5 I7 c& g( y0 m$ a
6.3.3 Directional coupler modulator 225' S" g0 N* A9 T1 C. ?
6.3.4 Electro-absorption modulator 227+ g! @: Y; m" Z* Y0 [; u% a! b
6.3.5 Photodiode 228
7 c9 }4 \& {* M" m" [6 z8 \# v6.4 Methods for reducing distortion 2322 F. _) @7 L3 H* T0 Y. G9 ?/ \
6.4.1 Primarily electronic methods 233( ?# C9 `: }7 X. b
6.4.2 Primarily optical methods 240
- k H# @$ L2 F5 `1 P+ LAppendix 6.1 Non-linear distortion rate equation model for
& T8 U6 Z, I4 P I: ~5 d" pdiode lasers 249
/ b8 c- c3 j! i7 G/ I6 DReferences 259" B/ L. r8 e' K
7 Link design tradeoffs 263
% E0 t) v' s5 Y6 s) G7.1 Introduction 263( x* B* ^' c" v& \$ J; P4 G
7.2 Tradeoffs among intrinsic link parameters 263
2 C: x, w& J1 m6 U. U' p) K7.2.1 Direct modulation 2639 L0 V" {; i1 m8 R ?
7.2.2 External modulation 2687 K2 w6 i- b% G( T& j! F+ X
7.2.3 SNR vs. noise limits and tradeoffs 2731 V1 t5 D# p9 x
7.3 Tradeoffs between intrinsic link and link with amplifiers 2778 {& R' b/ R5 R! ]! d
7.3.1 Amplifiers and link gain 277( U- O! n# Q! Q
7.3.2 Amplifiers and link frequency response 278- \( Y0 p7 l9 f z2 ^
7.3.3 Amplifiers and link noise figure 2785 ^6 _# ^) l+ N& H
7.3.4 Amplifiers and link IM-free dynamic range 279- O+ y) c8 a( u1 _# f; c. q, |" j2 V
References 284# b% _! o, x! v1 a
Index 285 |
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