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Preface page xi
( Z# ?) _& T8 Q1 ]$ D1 Introduction 1* ^ \; f5 x: Q; C( M F4 J, p
1.1 Background 1
9 T. J+ B6 n( V1.2 Applications overview 8
% ^$ v& i0 D! g. h v; v1.2.1 Transmit optical links 8
+ S& L% n4 e! i9 `, V1.2.2 Distribution optical links 9% T; G8 I: V6 u9 x8 l8 L$ B
1.2.3 Receive optical links 11
) k( ~+ `% B9 o0 [7 d1.3 Optical fibers 126 F: ^" B- ~8 K- j! Y! q
References 17) ]) @7 T7 j/ f
2 Link components and their small-signal electro-optic models 19
7 E. w/ p* V3 |6 H: J2.1 Introduction 19
) l7 A; {9 X X4 G& Y2.1.1 Notation 207 {6 B5 G; z, U% C( i/ d) s
2.2 Modulation devices 20; W6 x* o @: F+ m7 b
2.2.1 Direct modulation 20+ N' c$ c u4 r3 B1 ~) L8 f
2.2.2 External modulation 342 O: u, i, m2 ^1 o8 @8 n. B
2.3 Photodetectors 49. u0 m1 {( g3 R$ {. S
Appendix 2.1 Steady state (dc) rate equation model for+ B# g+ Z5 _. C1 u7 F
diode lasers 54
9 G0 r! |; y) A2 r: wAppendix 2.2 Absorption coefficient of an electro-absorption
; \4 E/ j1 H* I) |, U6 bmodulator 63! K5 F W* a6 r- M0 X* m9 V5 c
References 63
* M( ?2 C8 X4 @% F) Y4 T, H( v3 Low frequency, short length link models 69$ A! g; n! V" n+ ^
3.1 Introduction 69
7 N$ u2 ]1 p* P' z3.2 Small-signal intrinsic gain 70
6 V1 F ^: a5 ^* N' f+ A3.2.1 Direct modulation 72* L2 ~) A7 p, N, a
3.2.2 External modulation 74
6 a M r z& z6 Z, x4 X3.3 Scaling of intrinsic gain 75
. Z0 B9 B. m q2 {vii7 b3 c) z9 x( k, R; E' P
viii Contents6 d- d3 l' d1 @
3.3.1 Optical power 75
7 a5 ~) I X6 N% B3.3.2 Wavelength 79
/ @+ T# q" x5 e3 E3.3.3 Modulation slope efficiency and photodetector
! t2 h1 J+ S/ m8 q8 _# B- {$ Nresponsivity 81
9 `( M. q/ G3 W! T5 K: x2 M7 S3.4 Large signal intrinsic gain 828 q& g/ Z! h% m2 ]7 v7 m( w& ]
Appendix 3.1 External modulation links and the Manley–Rowe
, j5 X! w# a0 \/ sequations 87
4 n# H# ^3 O0 `& i' ?! YReferences 888 B- ?1 _& ` D. U* U
4 Frequency response of links 91. _. z) W5 w9 {( H( _
4.1 Introduction 914 @8 { b0 }/ h/ n" s2 R o( C
4.2 Frequency response of modulation and photodetection devices 93
# Q/ M' D2 k! F. i4.2.1 Diode lasers 93
2 } u/ m" ?" w4.2.2 External modulators 98
; t' |3 l, c7 k/ k$ ~4.2.3 Photodetectors 105' G- F! N$ Q+ ?/ C
4.3 Passive impedance matching to modulation and photodetection3 @5 s: g: z; z$ C
devices 1107 A7 o7 [6 j( d
4.3.1 PIN photodiode 112
$ K) u' c* X; L8 \# r/ k l$ B( {4.3.2 Diode laser 117, E- c, Z/ v- D$ B; h% y
4.3.3 Mach–Zehnder modulator 129
3 K- @1 r- ^" p8 x# J. z+ c5 z* g4.4 Bode–Fano limit 138
1 P6 H# ^4 H: f' `# x% P1 a4.4.1 Lossy impedance matching 1392 H: p8 ~" Y6 @! [: u
4.4.2 Lossless impedance matching 1424 o Z, Y$ B- p, j) @
Appendix 4.1 Small signal modulation rate equation model for
2 ]* {$ M8 j2 e/ @$ }6 Odiode lasers 152
& R6 B$ d( H& F# _4 I, BReferences 1565 x( l8 q1 l( Q- V+ A n! u2 J
5 Noise in links 1598 M( O; O$ |: b/ S
5.1 Introduction 1598 _ N% L" T' d3 C
5.2 Noise models and measures 1605 }/ m/ n8 b h6 `* b4 O; _
5.2.1 Noise sources 1602 A% [$ U( g! @( O; s0 z _. e
5.2.2 Noise figure 167/ m. B" `! U* |; f
5.3 Link model with noise sources 168 X! _4 t4 e V
5.3.1 General link noise model 168
0 o2 S+ D& {! j( g2 ~6 O5.3.2 RIN-dominated link 169
% W% Y, M$ l; |/ `5.3.3 Shot-noise-dominated link 173# U% Y% O* C8 O6 {( \2 `, J- w O
5.4 Scaling of noise figure 178* K+ [% H' Z2 l' p0 [
5.4.1 Impedance matching 1790 M4 `2 h8 c/ ^7 W6 j
5.4.2 Device slope efficiency 180
L' u; E- l) u# k1 W0 l5 _5.4.3 Average optical power 182; X; k8 ~8 q+ L" m
5.5 Limits on noise figure 185+ r o4 u t) K% u
5.5.1 Lossless passive match limit 185& V4 O9 x5 K2 X8 }* z& A. Y' T
Contents ix
) X4 [! L( g1 [4 C/ [5.5.2 Passive attenuation limit 187
7 r5 ^$ ?& v1 Z5.5.3 General passive match limit 189
2 X5 z' r1 @% V" h# r8 q% jAppendix 5.1 Minimum noise figure of active and passive networks 196
3 Z% k1 T8 V0 vReferences 199
$ v/ I+ ]3 s! G3 K2 e4 j0 n6 Distortion in links 201
2 ?" Z' O8 m I/ t6.1 Introduction 201
, p$ o$ D+ P- O# ~) q3 P6.2 Distortion models and measures 202" D/ m I8 C* S4 h: I* B8 ^$ D
6.2.1 Power series distortion model 202
- \2 N& c5 a/ S! P" D7 Y g6.2.2 Measures of distortion 205
* k! p' i2 Y& i7 U+ f$ d6.3 Distortion of common electro-optic devices 2170 _* z B. i0 y
6.3.1 Diode laser 217. u |# `$ D4 X0 t
6.3.2 Mach–Zehnder modulator 222* e" L8 i) ?; G% T" ~% c, m1 \
6.3.3 Directional coupler modulator 225
; [2 J4 n2 S! Y2 B8 N' U6.3.4 Electro-absorption modulator 227
1 Y1 S2 _1 C B% r3 e6.3.5 Photodiode 228
O, r* I* P0 \4 j* k8 ?0 V6.4 Methods for reducing distortion 232' }1 G; t2 x' H. K! V7 Y. _. w! b
6.4.1 Primarily electronic methods 2331 ~5 I0 A$ J# u8 q, q R
6.4.2 Primarily optical methods 240
* g% \6 [. X# k7 X: @. @6 S8 nAppendix 6.1 Non-linear distortion rate equation model for: ]# A6 d5 ^- d5 {# d. @' |! Y) Q. _$ z
diode lasers 249
: d1 \+ C5 g/ U3 c bReferences 259
. s0 l7 t. F5 G% O. v- h7 Link design tradeoffs 263& \" Y/ ~3 ^" V- Q; Z, f: R
7.1 Introduction 263' p1 u& x0 w: z9 g0 c+ |
7.2 Tradeoffs among intrinsic link parameters 263
o6 R% u% r" V' g7.2.1 Direct modulation 263
3 Q2 x* o1 ^/ N) v7.2.2 External modulation 268
' d5 i- \) B: G7.2.3 SNR vs. noise limits and tradeoffs 273. B( y4 @: @+ K9 p8 x$ s
7.3 Tradeoffs between intrinsic link and link with amplifiers 277
) j% j' S- L" \ v7.3.1 Amplifiers and link gain 2776 o( u" {( N# S
7.3.2 Amplifiers and link frequency response 278
& F0 \4 y! a4 t* x) B7.3.3 Amplifiers and link noise figure 278+ o/ j, R/ g Y5 h
7.3.4 Amplifiers and link IM-free dynamic range 279. r' E) O/ b3 \
References 284( U3 e! E+ V& `
Index 285 |
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