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标题: real-time signal processing : implementations and applications (2nd edtion) [打印本页]
作者: sinsaina    时间: 2016-11-24 14:59
标题: real-time signal processing : implementations and applications (2nd edtion)
1IntroductiontoReal-TimeDigitalSignalProcessing 1
/ Y1 C2 o+ W/ S# J# q5 W( p9 V6 M6 h1.1BasicElementsofReal-TimeDSPSystems2
# h/ w4 ?# M) K1 d4 a& ]1.2AnalogInterface3) m4 Z  ?" Q, S4 @' z
1.2.1Sampling3: O" Y7 ?& U3 X& ]/ E) ]
1.2.2QuantizationandEncoding7/ j3 y6 p. R) ^' q1 `9 v6 W/ R
1.2.3SmoothingFilters8$ d8 Q2 s( H% M! d9 m2 B3 I
1.2.4DataConverters9
4 V8 c# L4 }8 @1.3DSPHardware108 X* ]' P0 p$ C& Q/ _$ ]5 Q4 e" p
1.3.1DSPHardwareOptions10
" h  }# U) x+ ]- ^( |- I1 N1.3.2DSPProcessors13/ M- r. R  J5 m5 ]3 C$ }. m0 n
1.3.3Fixed-andFloating-PointProcessors15
7 G  r/ A4 k' H" F1.3.4Real-TimeConstraints16
) O  @) u  _% Y7 r) y1.4DSPSystemDesign174 s- s6 ^. j, x
1.4.1AlgorithmDevelopment18
# Z, E" g/ G9 t: I: J1.4.2SelectionofDSPProcessors19
% ]. ?7 p1 o5 H; W% R1.4.3SoftwareDevelopment206 K7 v2 v' p1 W: s3 m
1.4.4High-LevelSoftwareDevelopmentTools21( e) g: c! a" ?& H) v; ?( M
1.5IntroductiontoDSPDevelopmentTools22
2 j2 z" L5 J, E8 C$ X% r1.5.1CCompiler22
; F( F0 i: b) N0 w9 d7 L1.5.2Assembler23
" o* m* V: S$ `2 s0 P% }1.5.3Linker24: G+ G  R/ P1 K/ q( t& y
1.5.4OtherDevelopmentTools25$ G( m& T' c9 F0 w6 D
1.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples25& w( s6 e$ p1 T! r* Y$ l
1.6.1ExperimentsofUsingCCSandDSK26
2 {$ N* J8 u. _1 n6 {1.6.2DebuggingProgramUsingCCSandDSK293 O. u$ N! C: _/ H/ I7 J9 m
1.6.3FileI/OUsingProbePoint32
* w" \" x: ]: x1 {4 a/ O1.6.4FileI/OUsingCFileSystemFunctions35* d3 o& m5 u  m
1.6.5CodeEfficiencyAnalysisUsingProfiler37- B8 Q4 q8 }& S8 }6 U
1.6.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSK39
3 k. `* T; p( o1.6.7SamplingTheory42
4 I2 i* V# D) M. V, j' p1.6.8QuantizationinADCs448 n4 c+ J; F$ M; K: d
References 45
6 r+ c% y' q0 b" z6 {8 \2 _3 uExercises 45vi CONTENTS. M- K1 c9 j& L3 S5 B1 j
2IntroductiontoTMS320C55xDigitalSignalProcessor 49
" M& \; v9 L6 A2 ?" c6 n0 m$ j2.1Introduction49
. t# B! Q; I0 a8 F" J2.2TMS320C55xArchitecture50
8 g9 O# ]/ r( Z2.2.1ArchitectureOverview50" b9 ~  |1 ?6 |2 H
2.2.2Buses53# N* E  d5 [* g& R  ^  C- i
2.2.3On-ChipMemories53& S( v# E) `" J4 C2 W# c
2.2.4Memory-MappedRegisters55
" S! j& |' `! J$ Z4 s2.2.5InterruptsandInterruptVector55
. k9 z7 D! t1 v- E3 J2.3TMS320C55xPeripherals58
, R" u% w1 r# E% }# f+ N2.3.1ExternalMemoryInterface60) n2 ]' z# W' g- @9 P
2.3.2DirectMemoryAccess60  h+ u2 C, P# F* {; w2 b# f8 j
2.3.3EnhancedHost-PortInterface61' ]: {$ n9 W4 a* b9 W1 v
2.3.4Multi-ChannelBufferedSerialPorts62/ D0 m! b9 q" x- }' [( k
2.3.5ClockGeneratorandTimers65
8 c% L% B  A. @; G# B3 a2.3.6GeneralPurposeInput/OutputPort65
: _$ H) a) J: b  j2.4TMS320C55xAddressingModes65
% E+ I8 A7 q4 y, P2.4.1DirectAddressingModes66
0 a, O: z+ Z; j6 @2.4.2IndirectAddressingModes68
0 R( `/ f# a2 U4 J6 o' Q, h7 H2.4.3AbsoluteAddressingModes70
5 I* H% r/ i' H& t2.4.4Memory-MappedRegisterAddressingMode703 C; H; x! {& c  S' ^+ a3 d
2.4.5RegisterBitsAddressingMode710 H, ^1 {# M1 K
2.4.6CircularAddressingMode72, I2 @* N1 c) t" N. Z% M* z
2.5PipelineandParallelism73
) W. Y: x' k( k9 c0 r- V2.5.1TMS320C55xPipeline73
' w6 I. ]* n6 ?) a% w2.5.2ParallelExecution74
7 p0 z* z5 h7 @3 L! v2.6TMS320C55xInstructionSet76; e7 ]6 v" n: j7 w$ o! a* }* O
2.6.1ArithmeticInstructions76
. F& e3 E$ n" ]- o* V5 p( c2.6.2LogicandBitManipulationInstructions77% E: x2 G7 ?" c2 V
2.6.3MoveInstruction78
- |+ W* T& k4 Z; o- u. F2.6.4ProgramFlowControlInstructions78
: {. ^' I6 E: s) i- o+ U, N2.7TMS320C55xAssemblyLanguageProgramming82. ]* }6 x0 n7 U( M+ H: T
2.7.1AssemblyDirectives82
# m+ S: w: Z# a2 Z' T4 B" H. h. m3 J2.7.2AssemblyStatementSyntax84
) b7 M$ n4 T3 R) _. C6 v" o2.8CLanguageProgrammingforTMS320C55x86/ k9 y% f0 H: _+ `
2.8.1DataTypes866 [7 ^4 B+ e; ]6 K& i6 J; P9 G
2.8.2AssemblyCodeGenerationbyCCompiler873 \! y3 `! v" e% u& K
2.8.3CompilerKeywordsandPragmaDirectives89
6 m* R  G7 h0 o* B2.9MixedC-and-AssemblyLanguageProgramming908 e; H  q8 C& C8 z( d5 N
2.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples93
* g1 t' `" O4 v5 F* n4 S2.10.1InterfacingCwithAssemblyCode93
; Y( i2 L( Q! |0 W2.10.2AddressingModesUsingAssemblyProgramming94
9 V* ]+ @; m# Y2.10.3Phase-LockedLoopandTimers971 _8 I& r8 K; T' e. o& A+ ]1 u
2.10.4EMIFConfigurationforUsingSDRAM103( R7 H5 [' t( V" F; k* l) B: D  k
2.10.5ProgrammingFlashMemoryDevices105
) W9 h" q% G/ V. O8 Y6 X2.10.6UsingMcBSP106! ^9 ?3 u, n. n5 {% d' n$ }
2.10.7AIC23Configurations109
: d% D# p6 `1 {0 T- W5 I/ ~- l2.10.8DirectMemoryAccess111
- o, N6 e( C2 X6 d# a, uReferences 115  O6 |& R( A$ V$ J  E9 s. R; m: O( L
Exercises 115CONTENTS vii
2 c# z- t: }( S! ^" }3DSPFundamentalsandImplementation
2 s* Q) y& G3 }8 b3 S0 L, i8 bConsiderations 121$ M# A5 P, _% }3 t
3.1DigitalSignalsandSystems1211 l1 C9 A: D+ S) N: j2 E' B) J
3.1.1ElementaryDigitalSignals121
- U& g( ~8 y3 `' ~5 f6 w  U7 w3.1.2BlockDiagramRepresentationofDigitalSystems123, x0 @- v% f( m
3.2SystemConcepts126( Z" ?! a3 Y' z2 @- G# G% D3 K* a0 D
3.2.1LinearTime-InvariantSystems126
9 F; j5 X) ~$ c. m7 W- o3.2.2The z-Transform130) K; i. w5 i' R' p% T1 {
3.2.3TransferFunctions132
8 `2 D( @1 ^9 |( Q5 h' k5 P6 c3.2.4PolesandZeros135$ c+ n$ a2 q4 Z* z
3.2.5FrequencyResponses138
  m/ V+ `# J3 i; d+ B3.2.6DiscreteFourierTransform141
' _/ C! K* f1 i# I7 S" A3.3IntroductiontoRandomVariables142
9 E; A2 h1 r0 Y8 k1 r3.3.1ReviewofRandomVariables142
! t  {$ v) y6 T( R6 Q6 q3.3.2OperationsofRandomVariables144
$ G9 Y2 }; _2 A* _6 ~0 k3.4Fixed-PointRepresentationsandQuantizationEffects147
3 e6 f  @, T2 N- E' j3.4.1Fixed-PointFormats147' r: X& _' |9 T
3.4.2QuantizationErrors151
  N) D8 A* q( i  P2 C7 f6 `. I3.4.3SignalQuantization151
2 x) V& |/ ^; n3 V' Z: L2 b3 b3.4.4CoefficientQuantization153
, T6 m# a: X; t  N6 Q" j2 O1 _3.4.5RoundoffNoise1538 ]. I' }( J. T2 {4 }6 f6 {
3.4.6Fixed-PointToolbox1541 j4 w: b; P2 U
3.5OverflowandSolutions157
  ]( g, e9 K; `6 A9 p3 w& a" x3.5.1SaturationArithmetic157% w9 Y& {' C" U
3.5.2OverflowHandling158  L+ ~$ Z4 }/ Y1 e' [
3.5.3ScalingofSignals1585 P1 e+ B1 A# V$ T+ S
3.5.4GuardBits159
  L$ D5 T7 q$ J3 o3.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples159
% h' ?- k0 ~2 w4 V0 Z  E3.6.1QuantizationofSinusoidalSignals160: j3 {( W& S5 ], W! ^- a' }* Z. W) A
3.6.2QuantizationofAudioSignals161
' ^6 E4 n$ o, O' i3.6.3QuantizationofCoefficients162
- h. p- w" Q0 j" q5 \3.6.4OverflowandSaturationArithmetic164
, G$ N% ]- ?* f5 [5 ^6 L3.6.5FunctionApproximations167
/ l3 J8 E: M3 g# D" u# g8 a% L3.6.6Real-TimeDigitalSignalGenerationUsingDSK175
5 G1 h- O" p2 `References 180
, B* I; O: \: D; P! G2 N/ xExercises 180
0 P% L$ Y; R6 [) n5 |  n4DesignandImplementationofFIRFilters 185
7 k, I+ n" j0 `7 m. b$ M1 ~+ l2 `4.1IntroductiontoFIRFilters185' R# O; k8 q  M. ~6 y$ B" k
4.1.1FilterCharacteristics185
% \/ F# I1 G$ Q# b2 Q4.1.2FilterTypes187
& {7 L: x; B" R/ f* h9 H4.1.3FilterSpecifications189
. c$ o: l" m* B, O4.1.4Linear-PhaseFIRFilters191; D' O5 }3 A+ H, m3 h0 s# [
4.1.5RealizationofFIRFilters194
$ R* {) y0 L+ q3 L2 B3 n$ H' O4.2DesignofFIRFilters1961 @; f. A1 \" j. ^. r. F
4.2.1FourierSeriesMethod197
3 `" \: O$ D* v% u- W; C/ o8 x4.2.2GibbsPhenomenon198+ H- [. X$ U0 c9 b6 l
4.2.3WindowFunctions201viii CONTENTS4 n; S' F; ]- F. T8 F% D
4.2.4DesignofFIRFiltersUsingMATLAB206
" N6 x+ {- i# {" ?2 n; Z8 J4.2.5DesignofFIRFiltersUsingFDATool207
( v9 Y9 w5 W4 y4.3ImplementationConsiderations213
) R3 |6 _) a: S) O4.3.1QuantizationEffectsinFIRFilters2134 x" ^/ p! F( J& g! y& f5 p
4.3.2MATLABImplementations2169 p# w6 [5 _7 p) t
4.3.3Floating-PointCImplementations218: |; I8 `, W% f- X6 B
4.3.4Fixed-PointCImplementations219' x( c$ F  P7 E6 W
4.4Applications:InterpolationandDecimationFilters220  S" b. J) y/ f. r3 U+ r
4.4.1Interpolation220" @0 X5 |' y- }) Y8 G4 H
4.4.2Decimation221
( S& {" E! l* k$ X/ y9 T# F, M$ A& t4.4.3Sampling-RateConversion221' e6 _# s9 N' ]! I- T
4.4.4MATLABImplementations224
: G( Y- `" _4 H4.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples225: F6 q$ x# O: c7 @* q0 ]
4.5.1ImplementationofFIRFiltersUsingFixed-PointC226
7 J! V. P( E" I9 u! m- b0 ?4.5.2ImplementationofFIRFilterUsingC55xAssembly
8 \3 O% [# b- c/ F: s6 N. tLanguage226
, T; p; ?2 \- ]8 N! ?- v4.5.3OptimizationforSymmetricFIRFilters228
  z7 |) B+ k8 \- y0 e' }: e4.5.4OptimizationUsingDualMACArchitecture230
( B# b  T# _/ k( r( J/ y& R4.5.5ImplementationofDecimation232% `6 D8 N0 ]8 |3 ~; v' _1 H$ {; w
4.5.6ImplementationofInterpolation233( j8 M8 q# O' ~4 p
4.5.7SampleRateConversion234. Y' v+ I/ [- m2 q- _2 {
4.5.8Real-TimeSampleRateConversionUsing! t9 f9 W- n7 E
DSP/BIOSandDSK235
$ y+ o' p7 E# ~- m9 L7 uReferences 245% P7 p& ?% q+ h* U% S- t8 p
Exercises 245! y) ~; p8 j. j% j& i, J
5DesignandImplementationofIIRFilters 249
  {. t/ c% i9 i( u5.1Introduction249
/ H4 x/ y# H5 Z- _  d# a/ `5.1.1AnalogSystems249' v/ p, C2 K) D6 @3 o9 m) h
5.1.2MappingProperties251/ s& X% q) p7 M# S0 \! Z1 o
5.1.3CharacteristicsofAnalogFilters2522 J* a6 }3 `! Q: q
5.1.4FrequencyTransforms254
' X" W  r! g3 p1 A$ ?5.2DesignofIIRFilters255
" [3 p% n+ L' i$ R2 l3 i( B' E5.2.1BilinearTransform2569 y. E* O, N/ y/ D8 h1 f
5.2.2FilterDesignUsingBilinearTransform257, F) @* _2 ]) H5 s  M
5.3RealizationofIIRFilters258" A) h; D( V1 D6 n' k
5.3.1DirectForms258, t" o# ?. K  a$ b  Z6 Z0 `6 ~
5.3.2CascadeForms260, i. S/ Q0 _  K) l
5.3.3ParallelForms262
- |! S% h0 H& C5.3.4RealizationofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB263# @* x( ~7 ~* C' T: e
5.4DesignofIIRFiltersUsingMATLAB264
6 z1 U( Z5 b& ]4 B  ^9 S! y5.4.1FilterDesignUsingMATLAB264
$ _( j3 Y) ]# T' G$ l5.4.2FrequencyTransformsUsingMATLAB267
* Q0 h1 F! v5 I' ]" Q  t5.4.3DesignandRealizationUsingFDATool268
& h% Q9 N# y4 p. Q9 s5.5ImplementationConsiderations271" a! U4 ]* O! Y- s
5.5.1Stability271
1 t" O, O, R; s1 V* @0 j$ G: _5.5.2Finite-PrecisionEffectsandSolutions273& g# z! A2 e' M2 T" c$ |4 B- p
5.5.3MATLABImplementations275CONTENTS ix" @, V9 Q3 d! Z$ t; I
5.6PracticalApplications279; ]/ f# P7 D  |( F7 k3 E  Q: a' G6 ~
5.6.1RecursiveResonators279
$ y; y5 o6 X% A& A5 Q, x5.6.2RecursiveQuadratureOscillators2828 `1 k, c2 |7 F# Q9 t! H0 G! r
5.6.3ParametricEqualizers284
! Z9 a3 @% B3 T' i# Y- g8 w5.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples2857 y4 b( W5 K1 E$ e
5.7.1Floating-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter2859 w& S- V& f  f6 D" h
5.7.2Fixed-PointDirect-FormIIIRFilter2862 f% m4 u& }' ]- Z4 X; F
5.7.3Fixed-PointDirect-FormIICascadeIIRFilter287
/ z4 ?& q: G. z3 r! @2 p5.7.4ImplementationUsingDSPIntrinsics289% |/ l7 |) j) K% H) u
5.7.5ImplementationUsingAssemblyLanguage290( y  w2 N' F% t) s+ B0 K
5.7.6Real-TimeExperimentsUsingDSP/BIOS293
# M0 ?) J# ?0 G1 P# W- M5.7.7ImplementationofParametricEqualizer296; \6 n" v/ F5 x. A1 }3 V
5.7.8Real-TimeTwo-BandEqualizerUsingDSP/BIOS2971 s* F4 S4 ?7 I
References 299
6 r# q5 b2 G  bExercises 299
1 }' f/ }' C5 U( ?$ P4 E( `6FrequencyAnalysisandFastFourierTransform 303
$ Z1 q5 W) ]% v6.1FourierSeriesandTransform303
! s9 J1 ?& {5 F" Z6.1.1FourierSeries303
1 Z0 B; n& R* m+ [" m8 |7 d4 O9 Y6.1.2FourierTransform304! I7 H1 x) E! }
6.2DiscreteFourierTransform305
4 V5 s' M( T9 @: U2 O6.2.1Discrete-TimeFourierTransform305
2 V' [. p0 @  n. X9 d& Q" i  ]6.2.2DiscreteFourierTransform3078 y# S: w' Y6 y
6.2.3ImportantProperties3100 [5 V9 ]1 }4 g0 B) P: F
6.3FastFourierTransforms313& U7 ?0 N9 E3 U' i
6.3.1Decimation-in-Time314
  M+ ^7 P# S( J6.3.2Decimation-in-Frequency3161 y& K* k- @0 B$ K  {9 g
6.3.3InverseFastFourierTransform317; s) _/ L2 O& K; ]) T4 W, j) \8 {
6.4ImplementationConsiderations317! K, y, p: ~1 o. w
6.4.1ComputationalIssues317% J8 [7 L6 J# U. L
6.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects3185 Y8 _4 N! V$ Z- B* O1 y
6.4.3MATLABImplementations3181 S1 q! v  k, o5 q( p
6.4.4Fixed-PointImplementationUsingMATLAB3201 ^: e( j; G: u; M3 S" X
6.5PracticalApplications3228 _5 r! F6 w. d
6.5.1SpectralAnalysis322) `4 @8 q6 N# p- r! I: B% A; L
6.5.2SpectralLeakageandResolution323% t/ X2 s. y' v& |/ i+ X0 u# u
6.5.3PowerSpectrumDensity325
2 y% A/ ]; }" C" H3 \6.5.4FastConvolution328
( U. a$ u+ b8 q4 W) ]' ?" n" ^+ {! p! D6.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples332
" o; [; X! z* T) P; U. k2 z/ q1 }6.6.1Floating-PointCImplementationofDFT332
( x8 f7 W  {$ m0 C6.6.2C55xAssemblyImplementationofDFT332
9 T1 e' E1 E7 `& }6.6.3Floating-PointCImplementationofFFT3369 |8 @0 A( G/ a  d
6.6.4C55xIntrinsicsImplementationofFFT338
, ~* _: U- J+ [9 @6 p" Y$ W6.6.5AssemblyImplementationofFFTandInverseFFT339
2 V; D" {/ t4 v+ z: p7 d( _6.6.6ImplementationofFastConvolution343% d2 A* a) m7 }. F
6.6.7Real-TimeFFTUsingDSP/BIOS345
; I' P$ k. o+ y0 |9 w% r6.6.8Real-TimeFastConvolution347! ^8 S. b8 i1 _% X% x
References 347
1 ~- |6 D2 _% ^/ S% L! ZExercises 348x CONTENTS
  G# ~: @, }+ C& }3 t) B2 O7 H: q! C7AdaptiveFiltering 351
: p$ U4 R$ [" W$ L2 F6 f" o7.1IntroductiontoRandomProcesses351
+ ^, X: q4 w% h( y) k7.2AdaptiveFilters354
* E! A! Q8 R. I4 ?: E' K* |7.2.1IntroductiontoAdaptiveFiltering354
8 u: ?  q) {, t% g6 f# T7.2.2PerformanceFunction355
; b1 ?: G& S& k% \7.2.3MethodofSteepestDescent358  ~$ E( Y6 N8 G. h) e
7.2.4TheLMSAlgorithm3608 s" I6 F% C6 Z: {  e6 f7 i
7.2.5ModifiedLMSAlgorithms3617 c4 R6 F  N; ^
7.3PerformanceAnalysis362
* F* c8 C+ K1 S# C& ~7.3.1StabilityConstraint3627 ]( Y/ h( D1 u/ [9 x$ z$ f+ m
7.3.2ConvergenceSpeed363
( R# d+ b& [1 w( Z* [7.3.3ExcessMean-SquareError363* k- |$ V: ~/ n# J
7.3.4NormalizedLMSAlgorithm364
: l2 g$ e- U. M5 g7.4ImplementationConsiderations364- x# Y2 N0 e. _0 c9 z6 M( C$ O# _
7.4.1ComputationalIssues365
) U2 Z. q  p: N* l' [% S- h7.4.2Finite-PrecisionEffects365& F/ ?5 j! E! p/ U
7.4.3MATLABImplementations3661 x, {2 t( O7 O3 y' Q+ h6 e- F4 P' O
7.5PracticalApplications368
( d. g: J4 d; C( @' O7.5.1AdaptiveSystemIdentification368
, N9 Z) V2 l* G# S* D7.5.2AdaptiveLinearPrediction369
* b) |. _6 N3 r: T6 s' d7.5.3AdaptiveNoiseCancelation372
. ^+ Q% S$ e% ]/ k7 u( {7.5.4AdaptiveNotchFilters3743 m. X) J3 @; B3 g9 `- x/ l3 z
7.5.5AdaptiveChannelEqualization375
- \9 u/ X. w. p, N# f0 D7 b7.6ExperimentsandProgramExamples3777 t  y: e% |6 t" m1 z/ Q$ }. ?
7.6.1Floating-PointCImplementation377) Y7 c, v$ l5 K6 I: _  n1 j: F
7.6.2Fixed-PointCImplementationofLeakyLMSAlgorithm379
# f' H/ k9 N) ?* \( X7.6.3ETSIImplementationofNLMSAlgorithm380
/ k5 @' _; H$ w# B# @7.6.4AssemblyLanguageImplementationofDelayedLMSAlgorithm383
( ~7 U/ r5 q9 W2 P7 D7.6.5AdaptiveSystemIdentification387
7 ^- ]6 y  f; [4 l# F) a: e. y7.6.6AdaptivePredictionandNoiseCancelation388/ ~! R6 A) l3 Y8 R$ M2 T
7.6.7AdaptiveChannelEqualizer392
! J& J1 s# Q7 h0 [( ]  K- J9 x. Y- F7.6.8Real-TimeAdaptiveLineEnhancerUsingDSK394
" j' P) {  [1 q/ |/ i9 }References 3965 F7 Y* G  _7 j3 y3 P! [
Exercises 397) U# A; W" x+ h
8DigitalSignalGenerators 401
; ?2 E9 E" c$ P9 {8.1SinewaveGenerators401
+ z! X$ J4 s; V& w8.1.1Lookup-TableMethod401- d* l: S+ j7 l; n6 |
8.1.2LinearChirpSignal404/ e* V- H6 u# I/ Y5 |9 t
8.2NoiseGenerators405
9 L% I0 c: A% E9 K  Q8.2.1LinearCongruentialSequenceGenerator405& s- X$ m& _, M
8.2.2Pseudo-RandomBinarySequenceGenerator407' |% o" F1 d7 G( G# z. c
8.3PracticalApplications409# O  K! o1 q- N5 |  J# x9 Y
8.3.1SirenGenerators409+ n& c; A1 J. w! L4 d# }2 H( P
8.3.2WhiteGaussianNoise409
, [2 O0 u  Y  g+ Y: U5 T0 P8.3.3Dual-ToneMultifrequencyToneGenerator410! Z  Y+ `% S1 J8 N9 P
8.3.4ComfortNoiseinVoiceCommunicationSystems411
! _. Q& t) a3 J; i" V5 Z8.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples4121 s7 m/ }7 K% i8 r# _
8.4.1SinewaveGeneratorUsingC5510DSK4128 D3 w# f- q0 c2 U3 O
8.4.2WhiteNoiseGeneratorUsingC5510DSK413CONTENTS xi
! h5 k3 B) |; b5 U6 c6 H8.4.3WailSirenGeneratorUsingC5510DSK414
9 f$ H9 ~5 R2 t/ a8 h8.4.4DTMFGeneratorUsingC5510DSK415+ V9 J: O! {% j
8.4.5DTMFGeneratorUsingMATLABGraphicalUserInterface4161 n5 H0 F, u; c1 Y
References 418
8 Y9 i8 n9 |: E3 l8 P$ e4 L( _Exercises 418! @1 n+ x- E, m2 t( ~  C
9Dual-ToneMultifrequencyDetection 421
& I! t) K* t, C, I9.1Introduction421
  |. N% x/ p  a/ o9.2DTMFToneDetection4225 O7 Z  F8 N1 K5 b7 r$ |/ C' f, T
9.2.1DTMFDecodeSpecifications422% C; @3 S0 F2 _* J
9.2.2GoertzelAlgorithm423  T3 i1 p3 @7 ^+ [3 J$ W$ J
9.2.3OtherDTMFDetectionMethods426
/ v0 W8 s  A7 `3 ]- ~0 z  z9.2.4ImplementationConsiderations428) y0 H" T# M7 d7 P
9.3InternetApplicationIssuesandSolutions431
' q) o  l; S( h1 e4 V- @9.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples432  b  v# \( Q1 d6 i  N0 i. ?
9.4.1ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingFixed-PointC432$ o* Z$ b7 H9 }
9.4.2ImplementationofGoertzelAlgorithmUsingC55x# h6 l& x  g' `$ ?/ q6 [
AssemblyLanguage434
" q  i. C% g' B# A9.4.3DTMFDetectionUsingC5510DSK435
. ]9 _9 y0 ]3 w/ E+ e  M9.4.4DTMFDetectionUsingAll-PoleModeling439! R$ }" W% i. q- _3 q
References 441
9 H* G" n! G7 j6 J1 }5 kExercises 442" y+ y; r1 H( B& A6 m, K: z2 Y
10AdaptiveEchoCancelation 4436 T. O( K% X8 Y5 k; D; X
10.1IntroductiontoLineEchoes4439 ^. _7 D' X# h3 `, }
10.2AdaptiveEchoCanceler444/ g, Q* L9 h: E8 E; |% T: C
10.2.1PrinciplesofAdaptiveEchoCancelation4453 w; }# _9 L5 c2 S# Z
10.2.2PerformanceEvaluation446$ {( ]) r2 Y% N/ K& b6 I
10.3PracticalConsiderations4470 t+ W/ v0 M& O! z( e! z
10.3.1PrewhiteningofSignals447
' g+ m1 w, k! E* v7 H4 h1 R4 w+ a7 T10.3.2DelayDetection448% x6 Z& j3 P1 R: W4 j
10.4Double-TalkEffectsandSolutions450& G) U# m) y' C4 ?5 s) T2 C6 }# D
10.5NonlinearProcessor453
6 w$ r% r* Z' {9 g* ^: u10.5.1CenterClipper453! G! X* O& L9 I$ e  H2 S
10.5.2ComfortNoise453) E8 Q1 N/ a8 n6 B
10.6AcousticEchoCancelation454" f3 h- Y! {2 y. n# o
10.6.1AcousticEchoes454
3 |' H. P& Y$ ^) `5 k0 T, n10.6.2AcousticEchoCanceler4563 ~# [' h' N3 i! }$ E+ ~
10.6.3SubbandImplementations457
7 C. e& ]/ J0 p" }4 J" h10.6.4Delay-FreeStructures459
9 e6 i' Q& M+ F( B3 n, q$ c: s10.6.5ImplementationConsiderations459( @9 k1 i, ?4 {& v3 Y7 f! U
10.6.6TestingStandards460
, I5 S8 b  @0 E7 J, F' p10.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples461. J& R) b! Y# H: h* H( x
10.7.1MATLABImplementationofAEC461  l: H9 Q$ x# M# L. L( `5 D0 l
10.7.2AcousticEchoCancelationUsingFloating-PointC464
* Y/ G" C. B' t10.7.3AcousticEchoCancelerUsingC55xIntrinsics468& j/ b) ]' P' }/ ]% R! W- n
10.7.4ExperimentofDelayEstimation469! m4 K3 b9 Z' l; f3 l4 g7 y1 H
References 4724 |9 D9 L, `$ `& W
Exercises 472xii CONTENTS
' N3 ~( ~2 G* O& b$ K2 S11Speech-CodingTechniques 475
& P5 ^- g3 j! q' L7 O$ ]: R11.1IntroductiontoSpeech-Coding475
& G5 t" v1 c! k8 F. D5 _11.2OverviewofCELPVocoders476% q) L* x* X% c( ?+ i3 w
11.2.1SynthesisFilter477
4 E( d( Q# v; u+ L% \11.2.2Long-TermPredictionFilter481
/ @5 b/ [! f) V5 G( s) m, O' [0 Q11.2.3PerceptualBasedMinimizationProcedure4819 M3 S0 }* U3 _' g7 ^% x
11.2.4ExcitationSignal482
9 O0 b& W0 {! r: b! ^4 N: z( {11.2.5AlgebraicCELP483% h' n$ }1 P' i% O) r
11.3OverviewofSomePopularCODECs484
! l. G7 N  t8 x+ Y# E! [11.3.1OverviewofG.723.1484
$ ]4 Z+ S( R  R. @& g, [! |11.3.2OverviewofG.729488  x6 R8 E! X& \4 E, Z" I1 f
11.3.3OverviewofGSMAMR490
4 I8 {5 u8 R2 E# H0 k11.4VoiceoverInternetProtocolApplications492$ ]3 d  j, z: ~* A+ N+ x
11.4.1OverviewofVoIP492
( f0 Q7 c) |% p" N3 Z/ D1 l11.4.2Real-TimeTransportProtocolandPayloadType493) ~9 J9 |0 k3 K) _3 c7 x9 b
11.4.3ExampleofPackingG.729496) ^( B7 X8 ^! i) _2 i( ?) F9 P# E
11.4.4RTPDataAnalysisUsingEtherealTrace496% a- o, I3 K* K/ u
11.4.5FactorsAffectingtheOverallVoiceQuality497
; J3 B$ B: d! g% f. x5 R11.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples4979 @- a4 ~7 N* \& G
11.5.1CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingFloating-PointC4971 r" Z$ d: h. h) `7 g
11.5.2CalculatingLPCCoefficientsUsingC55xIntrinsics499
# W" P, g4 H" I- Q8 q11.5.3MATLABImplementationofFormantPerceptualWeightingFilter504
# `3 E# j; Q% P+ j, P* x11.5.4ImplementationofPerceptualWeightingFilterUsingC55xIntrinsics506
6 Z) X8 O+ |* U- Y; }! z: jReferences 507: o" Y' M0 h' R9 E, J7 Z
Exercises 508
5 _# i' \" P, d2 i  p4 M; q) U12SpeechEnhancementTechniques 509) B9 _+ P& O0 X
12.1IntroductiontoNoiseReductionTechniques509( @$ P: S6 h, Z2 g% ]  }
12.2SpectralSubtractionTechniques510
# f+ T( b; ~( ~, }- x; H8 R& [12.2.1Short-TimeSpectrumEstimation5114 r* ]" g" T0 Z6 N# X! G
12.2.2MagnitudeSubtraction511/ p( {' Y' L5 R! C  b$ w- V
12.3VoiceActivityDetection513
6 f; `9 z; V4 j* m12.4ImplementationConsiderations515" B/ Z( A% J. P7 p" J8 d. S
12.4.1SpectralAveraging515
. S5 W% u8 n- K& V! v# e* n# L12.4.2Half-WaveRectification515! v4 l$ ^6 S, F. {( |4 U* G0 ^
12.4.3ResidualNoiseReduction5167 D  i* b% X3 @: D6 S& @- O: X
12.5CombinationofAcousticEchoCancelationwithNR5160 \; L2 Y! Z2 ]% |, H1 `
12.6VoiceEnhancementandAutomaticLevelControl518
3 [# E" e" B4 {2 p/ S( Z. y12.6.1VoiceEnhancementDevices5189 {  z1 p0 s/ l+ l8 f: `& q" K) _# s
12.6.2AutomaticLevelControl519$ `  k+ A0 l" ^- ^; y. O
12.7ExperimentsandProgramExamples519
/ l8 k5 b" |, w* o" V5 \/ `12.7.1VoiceActivityDetection519
0 x# h3 c+ P0 F12.7.2MATLABImplementationofNRAlgorithm522
5 I, _* I: s9 r% j12.7.3Floating-PointCImplementationofNR522
9 ^$ b+ W6 n5 y' e5 p  ~5 }2 _12.7.4MixedC55xAssemblyandIntrinsicsImplementationsofVAD522
( d2 w0 A/ R+ r. j" d, [4 ^12.7.5CombiningAECwithNR526
2 k4 c  S' C0 f+ wReferences 5299 Y( F- I5 \+ C! [, n0 r" ~  P, f6 t
Exercises 529CONTENTS xiii" L0 l  I5 l; w+ B, K. f
13AudioSignalProcessing 531
' L7 U" _9 s0 w0 ?( y; q13.1Introduction531% Q' p' k6 }2 _0 E4 r  B' n
13.2BasicPrinciplesofAudioCoding531/ H* g6 a$ r$ n2 y3 x1 {, a0 ?
13.2.1Auditory-MaskingEffectsforPerceptualCoding533* c' h6 ]$ V/ M" x
13.2.2Frequency-DomainCoding536# E! j* M- p: Z% x9 i( D% \
13.2.3LosslessAudioCoding538
9 T0 ?3 q+ o2 Y) G13.3MultichannelAudioCoding5391 W8 H7 q3 h8 T, f
13.3.1MP3540) y& V- v  S+ K- i- ^- `) F% ~
13.3.2DolbyAC-3541
( |6 Y! u0 Z2 l" f+ N' K  p4 a/ J13.3.3MPEG-2AAC5427 _9 @! B7 b0 G* V  |: m$ I$ z
13.4ConnectivityProcessing544; j5 \/ M9 D- N$ ~9 W7 x: m6 `
13.5ExperimentsandProgramExamples544% d3 e4 l" s0 L: U& i' O, d
13.5.1Floating-PointImplementationofMDCT544. c# k' s+ {( F% U$ W$ }' V' D
13.5.2ImplementationofMDCTUsingC55xIntrinsics547. `4 Y1 `7 [( R  u7 e# O+ ^& S0 R
13.5.3ExperimentsofPreechoEffects549" W4 ~7 C, [6 c
13.5.4Floating-PointCImplementationofMP3Decoding549: s$ n, e" N. A  j
References 553
1 G$ h; o' h5 C3 }  TExercises 553
: x0 ]  g' w1 J: u$ ~& M14ChannelCodingTechniques 555! s) E: L# U, d- z
14.1Introduction555
* a+ F, Z! a% E) q4 V1 j14.2BlockCodes556
; Y1 ~1 E' N, L( Y' ^14.2.1Reed–SolomonCodes558
1 `- K& n5 e" Z$ j$ q" k14.2.2ApplicationsofReed–SolomonCodes5627 ~/ t. j* V' ~  q
14.2.3CyclicRedundantCodes5634 M5 V. S% p  e4 ]/ U" f
14.3ConvolutionalCodes564
$ a' `1 L; b7 D1 ^. a9 }- I. |14.3.1ConvolutionalEncoding564
6 L" S4 S$ d0 L0 _' ]6 n& i+ p14.3.2ViterbiDecoding564
6 R( z3 v% @& Z14.3.3ApplicationsofViterbiDecoding566/ t  s9 c% K2 _1 j- p
14.4ExperimentsandProgramExamples569
8 S- S- T! V& m5 ]8 E14.4.1Reed–SolomonCodingUsingMATALB5696 e, f! ~  g* G8 k/ G9 [
14.4.2Reed–SolomonCodingUsingSimulink570
4 p  @( j! Z& A) J$ u* ]14.4.3VerificationofRS(255,239)GenerationPolynomial571/ U( y9 S+ @9 g
14.4.4ConvolutionalCodes572
/ {, d3 r$ @0 N6 d- q0 I# W" R* g14.4.5ImplementationofConvolutionalCodesUsingC573
( Q1 c; o* g/ k4 U& q9 q; M( ~14.4.6ImplementationofCRC-32575* I$ z- b5 J  f( h& A% w
References 576! I( X! b$ _) T# N1 d  c8 j! {
Exercises 577
/ J; L' I" `9 Q# ?( k15IntroductiontoDigitalImageProcessing 579
7 J9 v& }) l" a6 D2 ]  D. v15.1DigitalImagesandSystems579
- J4 M1 w; r6 j7 K9 S" Q15.1.1DigitalImages579
& `: N# S; O' Y15.1.2DigitalImageSystems580
- {: I0 ]) T7 g  V/ K5 l2 K15.2RGBColorSpacesandColorFilterArrayInterpolation581
  E$ d3 K6 k5 x' G15.3ColorSpaces5848 r$ [/ ]* F2 ]
15.3.1YCbCr andYUVColorSpaces584  w) X8 w% j2 J7 T* n/ k( ~: t& @
15.3.2CYMKColorSpace585xiv CONTENTS6 _+ ^. q2 U* z
15.3.3YIQColorSpace585/ w; ?4 Q$ E) z+ i7 u! \# ?
15.3.4HSVColorSpace585
8 f! S7 X3 [% D7 s5 |2 F15.4YCbCr SubsampledColorSpaces586
% ?# a* j! ]9 q) B- v2 o15.5ColorBalanceandCorrection586
. d3 T5 Z& q7 y: u, C; C9 V$ L0 [15.5.1ColorBalance587
( A' P; w$ \; N( L. y6 b- e5 M15.5.2ColorAdjustment588
) J( a# N9 j9 y* l& F  l9 F8 D15.5.3GammaCorrection589
3 S8 M5 U4 ~3 U, M+ n  e% f1 D% N15.6ImageHistogram590
" j. y$ V. j9 N  d; o6 b) {15.7ImageFiltering591/ m- s/ K7 S/ Y4 [5 {
15.8ImageFilteringUsingFastConvolution596
3 V" K, o& f/ p3 q15.9PracticalApplications597
$ {; K" y* |: k/ x/ ~1 E15.9.1JPEGStandard597
  ^* V( F& O! K, R( \15.9.22-DDiscreteCosineTransform599' B3 Q2 S: [$ W- A3 T
15.10ExperimentsandProgramExamples601  G$ f. V$ ?7 F9 h. L. O0 S; t: U" e
15.10.1YCbCr toRGBConversion601
& G* J/ I, S2 g& f15.10.2UsingCCSLinkwithDSKandSimulator604
; a/ M4 O. u( o$ m7 K& j15.10.3WhiteBalance607
% ~: F6 k5 H) q3 S; \0 `15.10.4GammaCorrectionandContrastAdjustment610
. z/ G& l, K% u  Q, x6 V) f15.10.5HistogramandHistogramEqualization611! t6 Q# D2 u* S7 `) G0 ^7 Q/ s6 V
15.10.62-DImageFiltering613
: j5 N7 C% E. ~( Z* X9 X15.10.7ImplementationofDCTandIDCT617. c1 f2 D5 E; O- x+ ^
15.10.8TMS320C55xImageAcceleratorforDCTandIDCT621# t) x2 W8 k! P7 M4 E  W9 W6 A
15.10.9TMS320C55xHardwareAcceleratorImage/VideoProcessingLibrary623
+ V; n+ w3 m/ N, v! @" AReferences 625
% }  b- \. P5 m! XExercises 625

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